<pano_description><![CDATA[Near Mountainair, New Mexico, are several historic pueblos, which comprise the Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument and Tenabo Pueblo, offering examples of ancient rock paintings and petroglyphs.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Alluvium]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Refers to loose sedimentary materials transported and deposited by running water, such as streams. Composed of gravel, silt, sand or clay, often forms fan-shapes at the bases of mountains and slopes.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Anasazi]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The term Anasazi was given to the Ancestral Puebloans by the Navajo. It means "ancient ones" or "ancestors of the aliens," depending on the context. ]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Anasazi people, such as those who lived in Mesa Verde, built elaborate structures, paying careful attention to the shape of the brick and the pattern of the masonry.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Anasazi or Ancestral Puebloan is the name given to the people who lived in the Four Corners area of the Colorado Plateau (such as Chaco and Mesa Verde) from around C.E. 800 - 1300.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Modern Pueblo peoples, including the Hopi and Zuni, claim these people as their ancestors. They are called "Hisatsinom" by the Hopi and "Anasazi" by the Navajo.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In the tradition of the Hopi, the Antelope Clan works with the Snake Clan to maintain a balance between Earth and sky. They dance together in the Snake Dance, calling for summer rain.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Aquitard]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A surface, typically composed of rock, which is impermeable to water; water must flow laterally along the surface, rather than through it. This often results in springs or seeps.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>bzcb, cave, lech, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A large, remote section of land (14,000 square miles) north and west of the Colorado River. All traffic traveling south must go around Grand Canyon via Lees Ferry, Utah, or via I-15 through Nevada.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Banquette]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A banquette is a masonry bench set inside a kiva or pithouse, upon which the pilasters rest.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[1.2 billion years old (Precambrian), containing some of the earliest known fossils, stromalites. Oldest part of the Unkar Group, within Grand Canyon Supergroup.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Beaver Falls]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A 40-foot cascading waterfall thirteen miles from Hualapai Hilltop in Havasu Canyon. The waterfall is on the border of the Hualapai Reservation and Grand Canyon National Park.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Blackbrush]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A desert shrub that thrives on the Tonto Platform of Grand Canyon, it is a member of the rose family. The name comes from the jet black color of the stems when wet.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Found on terrace landform, typically with little elevation change. Blackbrush is the dominant species, with Mormon tea, rabbit brush, acacia and prickly-pear cacti, which thrive in arid environments.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Boreal]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This term refers to the high elevation forest ecology of the region, named after Boreas, a wind god of the north.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This relatively modern all-metal bridge spans the Colorado River at the bottom of the Bright Angel Trail. It provides hikers access across the river and supports a portion of the trans-canyon pipeline underneath.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A canyon within Grand Canyon, it was carved by tributary Bright Angel Creek.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A major creek traveling down from the North Rim along a fault line. Meeting the Colorado River at Phantom Ranch, it is a spring-fed creek, sometimes with additional surface runoff, which runs year-round.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A member of the Tonto Formation, it forms the uppermost layer of the Tonto Platform. Consists of mudstone shale, with some sand- and limestone, the layer is an average of 500 million years old.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[From the trailhead near the South Rim's Bright Angel Lodge, the trail descends in elevation more than 3,000 feet to Indian Garden Campground 4.5 miles below. It continues five more miles to Phantom Ranch campground.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A natural compound used in many industries to make lime and cements, its chemical formula is CaCO3. A common mineral, it forms sedimentary limestones and often acts as a glue in some sandstones and shales.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>wica jeca grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Cambrian]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Lasting approximately fifty million years, within the earliest Paleozoic period of time, about 540 to 490 million years ago. Rocks from this period contain many marine fossils previously unseen.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Youngest igneous rock of the Precambrian Unkar Group, seen in outcrops in eastern parts of Grand Canyon, showing dark grey among Dox Formation sandstone.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Catchments]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Structure such as a low wall, basin or reservoir, built to collect or drain water. May refer to the amount of water collected or the specific area used for the purpose of collecting water.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Cinder Cone]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A volcano that is small, cone-shaped, and composed primarily of "cinders," small pieces of volcanic material that have been ejected from a volcanic vent.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Formed in 1933, a program established by President Roosevelt as a way to provide work for the thousands who were unemployed due to the Great Depression. The CCC built many buildings and structures in National and State Parks and was part of the "New Deal."]]></pano_description> <pano_filename>ccc.jpg</pano_filename> <pano_programs>seki, cave, grte, lech, wica, jeca, yell, yose, maca, grca</pano_programs> <pano_photo_caption>March District CCC group in CA, 1933</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Surveyor, geologist, historian, he was encouraged by Major John Wesley Powell to write about the Grand Canyon. Published "Tertiary History of the Grand Canyon District" in 1882.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Clear Creek Canyon]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named after the perennial creek that runs through it. It is located nine miles from Phantom Ranch, north of the Colorado River and parallel to the Bright Angel Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Composed of pure quartz sand, this rock is located between the Toroweap Formation and the Hermit Shale; it is 275 million year old.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Starting in Colorado's Rocky Mountains, it is 1,450 mi long, ending at the Gulf of California. Composed mostly of snowmelt, it carved the one-mile depth of Grand Canyon through erosion, by flowing water in an arid environment, over the course of 5 million years. ]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Lava that has cooled slowly and uniformly, creating vertical columns with up to seven distinct sides. The geometry of the crystalization process is visible in the shape of the formation.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located next to Bright Angel Creek (on the North Kaibab Trail) about seven miles from the North Rim, this location has been used by humans for centuries and can now host about thirty campers a night.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Course of the Sun]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A Hopi representation of the sun's path across the sky, shown by a rainbow with sacred kivas on both ends and a resting place for the sun in the middle of the rainbow's arch.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Debris Flows]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A geologic term for the transportation of rocks, gravel, and sand brought into a riverbed by tributaries. ]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Deflector]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A deflector is an upright slab of stone or masonry wall, placed between a ventilator or air shaft in a kiva or pithouse, that circulates fresh air evenly around the space.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Dolerite]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[One of a variety of medium-grained igneous basalts whose specific components cannot be determined by sight alone. Forms in shallow intrusions, creating dikes and sills between sedimentary rock layers.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Archaeologist and anthropologist from Kentucky, president of the School of American Research from 1967--2001, currently a Senior Scholar. He is known for his archaeological research in Grand Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The thickest stratum of the Unkar Group, in layers up to 3,200 feet thick. It is divided into four components, the most widely exposed being the Commanche Point Member, a white to pale green color.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Dry Farming]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Dry farming is a method in which seeds are planted deep in the soil and are watered by rainfall only. It is still practiced by some Hopi and Navajo farmers today.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Duebendorff]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The rapids and the person they were named for are spelled differently. This was probably due to a spelling error when the rapids were given the name.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Echo Cliffs]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A long ridgeline formed by the Echo Cliffs monocline, they are located in Northern Arizona en route to Lees Ferry, east of Highway 89.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Emery Kolb]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Founded a photography studio on the South Rim with his brother Ellsworth in 1904. The studio remained open until his death in 1976, and today is a bookstore and gallery.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Esplanade]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named in 1882 by Clarence Dutton, due to the relatively level "platform" created by erosion of the Supai Group in the western Grand Canyon. It is underfoot at Toroweap.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Fire Pits]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Large conical mounds containing fire cracked rock; pit ovens used by Ancestral Puebloans for cooking agave crowns. Evidence of ancient human history, they are found mostly in the western Grand Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Floor Vaults]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Floor vaults are recessed areas in the floor that may have served as foot drums.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Fred Greer]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Employed for years by the Fred Harvey Company, Fred Greer was a skilled artist. He worked with Mary Jane Colter on many of her designs, making paintings, linoleum block prints, and windowpane paintings.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Fred Harvey, "civilizer of the west," provided hotels and restaurants for travelers on the Santa Fe Railroad. The company commissioned Hopi House, which launched Mary Jane Colter's architectural career.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Fred Kabotie]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Mary Jane Colter met Kabotie at Grand Canyon, where he acted as a trail guide. Only thirty years old and of Hopi descent, he was hired by Colter to paint the wall art of the Hopi Room in the Desert View Watchtower.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Deciduous trees that grow up to a hundred feet tall. Usually near rivers and streams, they indicate a reliable water source and support diverse species of insects, plants and nesting birds.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Garcia Lopez de Cardenas]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Chosen by Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado to continue searching for a mysterious river, he was the first European to see Grand Canyon; twenty travel days from Cibola, New Mexico.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Garden Creek]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Groundwater filters from rocks above, emerging as springs at the impermeable layer of Bright Angel Shale, resulting in a consistent water source, and once providing all water for the South Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[President of the National Geographic Society,1920-1954; credited with making it a globally known and respected organization teaching about science. Also considered to be the "father of photojournalism," using imagery to teach about the natural world.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Gilbert Stanley Underwood]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[An architect responsible for designing many historic structures found in National Parks throughout the west, such as Zion National Park, Bryce National Park, and Yosemite National Park.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Glen Canyon Dam regulates the Colorado River water flowing through the Grand Canyon. Located in northern Arizona, the 710-foot dam was built between 1960 and 1963; it contains the waters of Lake Powell.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Gneiss]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A coarse-grained metamorphic rock, pronounce like "nice." It commonly has bands of light and dark colors, which are caused by intense pressure, flattening minerals present in the original rock.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[God of Germination]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A deity of Hopi tradition, he is shown here with the sun and moon at his feet, a rain cloud above him, with farming tools at hand for tending the corn.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[God of the Clouds]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A winged deity of Hopi tradition, shown here with a universal cloud symbol below him, complete with lightning symbols on both ends and dripping rain in the center. Below him are a garden and his kiva.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Granaries]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Built by Ancestral Puebloans, these historic sites are mortared natural stones, found at all elevations in Grand Canyon and at many ancient dwelling sites. Possibly used for storing special items due to their isolated locations.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Originally designed by architect Gilbert Stanley Underwood and opened in 1928, it burned down in 1932. The current building opened in 1937, but doesn't follow the original design.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Grand Canyon tourism soared with the arrival of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad's Grand Canyon Railway in 1901. Before that, visitors arrived via horsepower from up to eighty miles away.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Between 1.25 billion and 740 million years old, containing sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous formations, these rocks are tilted, differentiating them from the sedimentary rocks above.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Areas within metamophic gneiss and schist, made of quartz and feldspars. Formed while deep inside the earth, crystalline grains have time to form into coarse-grained textures.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Great Snake]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Shown here as a pattern surrounding the central atrium, the Great Snake is the Hopi's original serpent, the ancestor of all snakes. In Hopi tradition, snakes are ambassadors to the Rain Powers.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Great Thumb Mesa]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named in 1932 by Frank Bond after he saw the mesa from an airplane. It is part of the Coconino Plateau, within the Havasupai Reservation on the South Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The time between the Cambrian Tapeats Sandstone and the Precambrian metamorphic rocks of the inner canyon, creating a 1.2 billion-year "gap" in the geologic record. No rocks are there to represent the missing era.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A member of the Grand Canyon Supergroup, it is 1.2 billion years old. In color it can vary from purple, red or bright orange, and appears to be one of the most colorful rock formations in Grand Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Havasu Canyon stretches over fifty miles into the Havasupai Reservation to Cataract Canyon, the southern portion of Grand Canyon. "Havasu" relates to the blue-green waters of its creek and falls.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Havasu Creek]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The blue-green waters of this tributary creek flow through Havasu Canyon, ultimately reaching the Colorado River at mile 156.5.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Havasu Falls]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A 100-foot waterfall ten miles from Hualapai Hilltop in Havasu Canyon. The waterfall is in the Havasupai Reservation, and permits are required to visit it.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Havasupai]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The "people of the blue-green waters" consider themselves guardians of Grand Canyon. They hunted, gathered and dry farmed over a great altitudinal range from 1,800 to over 7,000 feet in elevation.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Chief Geographer of U.S. Geological Survey in 1882, one of the founders of the National Geographic Society; also helped establish U.S. Board of Geographic Names to reduce confusion about place names.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hermit Camp]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located below Pima Point, Hermit Camp was built by the Santa Fe Railroad and operated by the Fred Harvey Company.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock primarily composed of crumbly sandstone and limestone; 280 million years old. Located between the Coconino Sandstone and Supai Group.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hohokam]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[May have descended from hunter-gatherers: became a farming people who lived in permanent settlements, built irrigation canals, and traded with neighbors. Lived in the Phoenix & Tucson areas from about C.E. 600 - 1100.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hopi]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[According to some anthropologists, the Hopi have lived in the southwestern United States since C.E. 500, giving them the longest confirmed history of occupation of one area by any Native American tribe. ]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hopi Room]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Inspired by the Hopi belief that their ancestors entered the world thorugh an opening deep within Grand Canyon, Mary Jane Colter decided to showcase Hopi culture on the first floor of the Watchtower.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[House Rock Rapid]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A 4 to 7-class rapid at mile 17 on the Colorado River, originally named by C.H. Birdseye. This is the confluence of House Rock Creek and the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[House Rock Valley]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Originally named by Jacob Hamblin due to the presence of two large rocks which form a natural, though primitive, shelter.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Formerly a Havasupai farming area, this location has been utilized by humans for thousands of years, due to the consistent water source. An anglo-built structure may have existed here as early as 1890.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Inner Gorge]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The lowest part of the canyon at roughly 4,000 feet below the South Rim. The gorge is characterized by amazing displays of Vishnu Schist, Zoroaster Granite and other metamorphic rocks.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[jacal]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Jacal (hah-CALL) walls are made by tying a series of upright sticks with string and then covering them with a thick layer of mud mortar.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[An early homesteader and pioneer in Grand Canyon tourism, Thurber bought a homestead from John Hance in 1895 as a joint venture with the Lyman Tolfree family. Thurber expanded the operation, but later sold it to M. Buggeln in 1906.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[John Hance]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Worked with Hull brothers in 1880s to build roads from Flagstaff to the Hulls' sheep ranch, and to his Grandview home, where he ran tourist mule trips. After selling his business, he stayed in Grand Canyon Village, sharing canyon stories until his death in 1919.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[John Lee]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A Mormon settler that established Lees Ferry in the 1850s. He was executed in 1877 after the second of two controversial trials placed blame on him for the Mountain Meadows Massacre.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock primarily composed of sandy limestone, 270 million year old. Located between the Moenkopi Formation and Toroweap Formation.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Uppermost sedimentary rock of the Grand Canyon region, part of the Kaibab Formation; from the Permian Era (between 250 and 299 million years old); composed primarily of calcium carbonate.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Kaibab National Forest]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located on either side of Grand Canyon, north and south, this pine forest ranges in elevation from 5,500 feet to a height of 10,418 feet. "Kaibab" means "mountain lying down" in the Paiute language.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named for the Kaibab Formation it is composed of, the platueau comprises much of the North Rim. The Walhalla Plateau extends south from the Kaibab Plateau into the Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Completed in 1928, the second bridge to be built in this location, it allowed for a mule train of any length, with room for maneuvering. In addition, it was engineered to remain rigid despite high wind.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Karst ]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Topography shaped by dissolution of layers of soluble bedrock, usually carbonate rock; limestone or dolomite. Due to subterranean drainage, there may be limited surface water, even an absence of rivers and lakes. Features include sinkholes, caves, springs and seeps.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>seki, wica, jeca, maca, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Sculptures representing the many Hopi spirits, which provide access to Hopi deities. They are not children's dolls, which are used only for teaching and typically do not have stands. Also spelled "katchina."]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[People who lived in the Tsegi Canyon system during the 13th century are known commonly as the Kayenta people and by archeologists as the Kayenta Anasazi.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[kiva]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Kiva is a Hopi word for an underground ceremonial chamber which is often found in Ancestral Puebloan dwellings and remains a key feature in the many pueblos today.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lake Mead]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located to the west of Grand Canyon, Lake Mead stores a percentage of the waters of the Colorado River. Held back by the Hoover Dam, more than 25 million acre feet of water are stored there.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lake Powell]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[More than 170 miles long on the Arizona/Utah border, Lake Powell is one of the largest man-made lakes in the United States. The lake stores a percentage of the waters of the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lava]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[During a volcanic eruption, molten rock (called magma) flows up out of the Earth. Once upon the surface, it is called lava. Lava cools into igneous rocks of various forms.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lees Ferry]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In 1871, John D. Lee agreed to install and maintain a ferry crossing for Mormon emigrants traveling south. The Mormon Church maintained control of the crossing until 1909, when Coconino County took over.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lichen]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A composite organism consisting of a fungus and an alga or cyano-bacterium living in symbiotic association. Lichens may be crustlike, scaly, leafy, or shrubby in form, classified on the basis of the fungal partner. Sometimes used by humans for food or to create dyes.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>cave, grte, lech, seki, yell, yose, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Prospector and resident of Grand Canyon's South Rim for about thirty years, he may be the "hermit" for which more Canyon features were named than any other person or site.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Major John Wesley Powell]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In 1869, Powell traveled 1,000 miles on the Colorado River through the Grand Canyon in a wooden boat. He was the first white man to visit this unexplored area of the Southwestern United States.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named for the water-sculpted cliff walls a few miles downriver from Lees Ferry, the Colorado River gorge continues its dramatic descent between the Vermilion and Echo Cliffs, spanned by Navajo Bridge.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A man from Williams, Arizona; bought the old Hance homestead from J. Thurber in 1906; though he built a 2-story hotel, he did not use the site as a tourist business, but kept it as a home and operational cattle ranch.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Mary Jane Colter]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[From 1902-1949, Mary Colter designed distinctive structures and interiors for the Fred Harvey Company all over the Southwestern United States. Of her stylishly cultural works, many are still standing at Grand Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Mesozoic]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Literally, "middle life," referring to the three eras of geological time, the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic, the period was roughly 270 million to 65 million years ago.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock that has been changed drastically due to increased heat, pressure or both. May start out as any type of stone, including one that is metamorphic.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Metates and Manos]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A metate is a rock trough on which corn is ground. A mano is the name for the smaller grinding stone, used to grind corn into meal.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Midden]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Archeologists study the midden (or trash pile) of an ancient culture to learn about day-to-day life. Middens often contain food waste, broken pottery and stone tools, and burials.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Modified Basketmaker (C.E. 550 - 750) was a time period when pithouses were built and finer pottery was developed. It marked the change from a nomadic way of life to an agriculture-based society.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Montezuma Castle was given its name by Anglo-Americans, who mistakenly thought that the inhabitants were related to the Aztecs.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Mooney Falls]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A 196-foot waterfall eleven miles from Hualapai Hilltop in Havasu Canyon. The waterfall is on the Havasupai Reservation.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located in the Kaibab National Forest north of Grand Canyon. With an elevation of about 8,000 feet, it was named in 1870 by Major Powell in honor of Senator Lyman Trumbull of Illinois.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[505 million years old; Cambrian, Paleozoic, resides just above the Bright Angel Shale of the Tonto Platform.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Navajo Falls]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A 75-foot waterfall about nine miles from Hualapai Hilltop in Havasu Canyon. The waterfall is on the Havasupai Reservation.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Starting at a North Rim elevation of 8,250 feet, the North Kaibab Trail descends 5,800 feet into the Grand Canyon. The trail ends about fourteen miles away at the Colorado River near Phantom Ranch.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[North Rim]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At over 8,000 feet, this remote and forested area of the canyon sits on the edge of the beautiful Kaibab Plateau. Sites here are accessible via Highway 67 and winding back roads.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Orphan Mine]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Also known as the Lost Orphan Mine, it extends from about 500 feet south of the South Rim, and about 1,000 feet below it. Uranium was mined there rather than the initial copper that miners sought.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pablo de Melgosa]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[He and two others from Cardenas' group attempted, unsuccessufully, to descend from the South Rim to the river.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A landscape located southeast of Grand Canyon, covering about 93,000 acres, composed primarily of sedimentary rock. Mineral deposits and decayed organic matter furnish the colors the area is named for.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Paiute]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A tribe of Native Americans, now living in several different locations. The Kaibab Paiute remain north of Grand Canyon, and their presence is recorded in many of the area's place names.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Palisades of the Desert]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A "fence" of canyon wall, clearly visible from the Grandview Trail near Desert View. Located just north of the Watchtower and east of the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Perennial]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A plant which grows either year-round or regenerates independently at certain seasons of the year, many years in a row. May also refer to a spring or stream that flows year-round. Also refers to a stream that flows year-round.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>wica jeca, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Permian]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A period which marks the end of the Paleozoic Era, these rocks range in age from 251 to 299 million years old.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pete Berry]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Worked with the Camerons in the 1890s prospecting; established the Last Chance copper mine near Grandview Point. The mine was profitable; it was sold in 1902. Berry also established a tourist business at Grandview Point that was visited until 1901.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Petroglyph]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Literally "rock images" created by pecking, carving or incising a design onto natural rock faces. Typically the designs were created using harder stones as implements and are unpainted.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named after Phantom Creek by Mary Jane Colter, architect and designer of the buildings there, the tourist cabins opened in 1922, when completion of the first Kaibab Suspension Bridge eased canyon access.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pictograph]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A symbol, drawing, or mark painted or drawn onto natural rock faces; not carved. Usually represent an idea, a thing, a location or an activity or event. Also known as pictograms, these images are considered to be early forms of writing.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, cave, lech, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pilasters]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A pilaster is a rectangular column, upon which the roof rests.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pithouse]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A small round or oblong structure built over a three- to five-foot square pit in the ground, with low, slab-lined walls, a hard dirt floor, and a conical roof of timbers, sticks, grasses and mud, supported by upright posts. Historically significant due to their permanence. ]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Plateau Point Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located on the Tonto Platform just west of Garden Creek, the trail travels a (relatively flat and accessible) mile and a half from Indian Garden Campground to the spectacular vista at Plateau Point.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Precambrian]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[An era of time estimated to have ended 540 million years ago. The oldest rock in Grand Canyon is from this time period, and is typically metamorphic.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Precipitate]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A chemical process resulting in a separation of compounds from a solution, such as calcium carbonate solution separating into water and travertine.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A tributary of the Colorado River, Prospect Creek carries a large volume of water, broken rocks and other debris to the Colorado River, shaping the uneven river floor of Lava Falls Rapid.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pueblo II]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Pueblo II period, also known as Developmental Pueblo, occurred between C.E. 750 and 1100. Multi-storied mesa top villages of single-coursed masonry and woven cotton cloth are all hallmarks of this period.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pueblo III]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Pueblo III (or Classic Pueblo) period occurred between C.E. 1100 - 1300. Fine masonry, advanced alcove architecture (cliff dwellings), and elaborate pottery are all hallmarks of this time period.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In the 1880s, Cameron filed mining claims on an old Havasupai trail leading from the South Rim to the canyon floor. He improved the trail, charging a fee for visitors intending to travel down what is now called Bright Angel Trail.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[About 340 million years old, light grey-blue limestone and chert. Most of what can be seen in the Canyon is red due to the "desert varnish" of iron oxide washed down from the Supai Formation above.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Invented for landscape painting by Claude Lorrain in the 1600s, it is comprised of a pane of black glass hinged to a wooden frame, the dark mirror reducing glare and framing the vista.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Rio Grande River]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A river, which begins in the San Juan Mountains of Colorado, flowing 1,885 miles through New Mexico, later along the border between Mexico and Texas, then bending southeast, to empty into the Gulf of Mexico.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Riparian Life Zone]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The interface between land and a flowing surface water body; may occur in a grassland, woodland, wetland or non-vegetative area. Derived from Latin for river bank, 'ripa.' Riparian zones may be natural or engineered, and have specific plant and animal populations. ]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grsa, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Used by the Hopi and Navajo, sand paintings are created by hand using naturally colored sand, and are begun at dawn and then brushed away at sunset. This one is allowed to remain by permission of the Hopi tribe.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Sanford Rowe]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A miner and immigrant who once ran a tourist operation, guiding visitors into the canyon at nearby Grand Canyon Village in the early 1890s.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Santa Fe Railroad]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Known as the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, this was the railway that the Fred Harvey Company served. It brought tourism to Grand Canyon afer extending the line from Williams to the South Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[School of American Research]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Private, non-profit center providing advanced instruction in anthropology, humanities and Native American art. Located in Santa Fe, New Mexico, the school has a thriving Archaeology department.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Seep]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A seep is formed when water percolating down through porous sandstone reaches a layer of impenetrable shale or other stone. The water cannot pass through the aquitard, so it exits laterally as a seep or spring.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A member of the Unkar Formation within the Grand Canyon Supergroup, it is characterized by vertical cliffs found atop the colorful Hakatai Shale. The only formation thicker than this is the Dox Sandstone.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Sinagua]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The mountains surrounding Flagstaff were once called Sierra Sin Agua - meaning Waterless Mountains in Spanish. The ancient peoples were thus called Sinagua (Without Water).]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Sipapu]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A sipapu is a small hole in the floor of a kiva, which symbolizes the emergence of humans from the underworld. It is a typical feature, sacred in both modern and Ancestral Puebloan kivas.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Smelter]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A smelter is a person with the tools and capability to extract metal, in this case, copper, from the ore it was mined from. Typically copper was chemically reduced using a blast furnace.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Snake Altar]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A Hopi ritual altar built for the Snake Dance, a prayer for rain, which takes place in August in Northern Arizona. Snakes are considered to be ambassadors to the Rain Powers.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Snake Legend]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Hopi tale of man's first trip down the Colorado River seeking rainmakers - the Snake people. The story recounts his travels and triumphal return with rain, a wife, and blessings of the Snake people.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Trailhead is near Yaki Point, about 4.5 miles east of Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim. A steep descent down to Cedar Ridge, this is a difficult trail due to the incline, and lack of shade or water.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[South Rim]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At an elevation of about 7,000 feet, many canyon views are accessible by car along Highway 64, which travels parallel to the South Rim from Grand Canyon Village east twenty-six miles to Desert View.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Stalactite]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A speleothem created by the deposition of calcite due to dripping water. A stalactite hangs like an icicle from the ceiling, and usually begins as a thin, delicate 'soda straw' formation.]]></pano_description> <pano_filename>stalactite.jpg</pano_filename> <pano_programs>grca </pano_programs> <pano_photo_caption>Stalactites, some covered with cave popcorn</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Stephen T. Mather]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Born 1867, died 1930. A business man who accepted a challenge by Interior Secretary Franklin Lane to become the first National Park Service Director in 1916. He served as Director until his retirement in 1929. He introduced nature study guides and concessions within the parks.]]></pano_description> <pano_filename>mather_npsimage.jpg</pano_filename> <pano_programs>grte,yell, yose, grca</pano_programs> <pano_photo_caption>Stephen T. Mather</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Supai Group]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Situated between the Hermit Formation and Redwall Limestone, this Paleozoic group is from 285 to 315 million years old. Rich in iron oxide that washes over rock layers below, resulting in a red coloration.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A hidden valley of the canyon located between Thunder River and Deer Creek. The valley is accessible from the North Rim or from the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Once a beach, this sandstone is now 525 million years old. It is the towering ledge-forming sedimentary rock under the Tonto Platform, usually very light brown. May contain prehistoric granaries.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Below Redwall limestone, found in detached "channel deposits," indicating a marine environment 385 million years old.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Temple of Horus]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock formation named for Egyptian deity Horus, son of Osiris. Avenged his fathers' murder by combatting his uncle Set, God of War.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Temple of Isis]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock formation named for Egyptian deity Isis, daughter of Ra the Sun God and Osiris, God of the Underworld.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Temple of Osiris]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock formation named for Egyptian God of the Underworld, husband of Ra the Sun God, father of Isis. Murdered by his evil brother Set, God of War; avenged by his son Horus.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Temple of Ra]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock formation named for Egyptian Sun God, mother of Isis, wife of Osiris, God of the Underworld, who was murdered by his brother Set, God of War.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[The Box]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named for the confining sensation created by tall cliff walls and winding gorge. At the northern end is an unconformity where the sedimentary Bass Formation meets the metamorphic Vishnu Schist.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[The Transept]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A side-canyon to the west of Bright Angel Point. This magnificent gorge intersects the larger Bright Angel Canyon below this point.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Thunder River Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A strenuous and difficult fifteen-mile trail beginning at Indian Hollow on the North Rim and crossing rugged terrain through Surprise Valley to the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Cambrian rock layers that range from about 500 to 550 million years old. They are Unclassified Dolomites, Muav Limestone, Bright Angel Shale and Tapeats Limestone. They comprise the Tonto Platform.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Tonto Platform is characterized by its relatively level hiking trails, and the profusion of blackbrush, the predominant plant on this level. Other plants include wolfberry and prickly-pear cactus.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Tonto Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Eighty-five miles of trail on the Tonto Platform south of the Colorado River, at an elevation of approximately 3,500 feet. This trail crosses the Hermit Trail and the Bright Angel Trail, among others.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock primarily composed of sandy limestone, 273 million years old. Located between the Kaibab Formation and Coconino Sandstone.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Tower of Set]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Rock formation named after the Egyptian God of War, chaos, and storms; murdered his brother, Egyptian God Osiris, for access to his throne.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Travertine]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A calcium carbonate mineral deposited by running water. Colorful banding and variegation may be caused by impurities such as iron.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A popular site along the South Rim exhibiting excavated ruins of the Ancestral Puebloans and a small museum. A short trail provides access to kivas, storage rooms, living quarters, and a farming area.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Tuweep]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Another name for Toroweap, referring to the area of the North Rim located between the Pine Mountains (Uinkaret Mountains) and Kanab Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Tuzigoot]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Tuzigoot is a Tonto Apache word which means "crooked water."]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca </pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A small mountain range composed of three central peaks nestled among more than one hundred cinder cones. Also called Pine Mountains, possibly named for the Paiute Tribe who lived in the area.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Various forms of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of calcium carbonate, and found in a thin layer within the Tonto Formation.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Unkar Delta]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Unkar Creek, flowing south from below Walhalla Plateau, meets here with the Colorado River. The resulting delta is one of the largest tillable areas located at the level of the river in Grand Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Unkar Group]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Oldest portion of the Grand Canyon Supergroup, composed of five members of various composition, including igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Age range is Precambrian.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Ventilator]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A ventilator is a small tunnel that leads from the kiva (or pithouse) interior to the outside in order to bring fresh air into the structure.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>andw, grca</pano_programs> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[An excellent example of Mesozoic rock in Northern Arizona, part of the Grand Staircase that extends from Zion National Park to the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[One of the oldest Precambrian rock types in the canyon. Part of the Granite Gorge Metamorphic Suite, located in the inner gorge, called "basement rock." Typically dark grey, with pink granitic inclusions.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Aptly named for the Roman god of fire and metalcraft, this feature is a cinder cone. It is located on the very rim of Grand Canyon, just west of Toroweap Overlook.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named for the Scandanavian "hall of the slain," which is purported to be in Asgard, the home of the gods. Named by Francois Matthes in 1906, after Mormons had already named it "Greenland Plateau."]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Western Gold and Uranium, Inc.]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Owners and operators of the Orphan Mine on the South Rim from 1953 to 1969. This company proposed the construction of a massive "Grand Canyon Inn," which was to "spill over the Rim like a waterfall."]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Bass established a tourist camp in the 1880s and a cable transport system over the Colorado River in 1908. Bass Rapids, Bass Canyon, Bass Trail, Bass Limestone, and Bass Camp are all named after him.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>glossary</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Williams]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A small Arizona town, located off Highway 40 between Flagstaff and Seligman. About sixty miles south of Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim, via Highway 64.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named after a mythological Teutonic deity, also known as Odin in Scandanavian mythology. A 7,633 foot mesa southwest of Cape Royal, erosion caused it to disconnect from the North Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located on the South Rim, within Grand Canyon Village on the South Rim. The building provides excellent views with interpretive panels that give detailed information about the vista.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Igneous rock, formed by magma that has cooled and crystallized, usually pink, about 1.4 - 1.63 billion years old. Typically found as intrusions within the basement rock of the inner gorge schist.]]></pano_description> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A natural arch in the Kaibab Limestone frames a portion of the vista within walking distance from the Cape Royal viewing areas. The window itself is about sixty feet tall, though the opening appears small from this distance; scale is provided by the visitors standing on top of the rock formation. Visible in the canyon below is the Unkar Delta, the Tonto Platform on the south side of Grand Canyon, and the piñon-juniper forest of the Walhalla Plateau, which concludes underfoot. A short side-trail along the rim provides access to the top of this unique formation; hikers should exercise caution, since high winds coming up from the canyon periodically occur there. Some plants that thrive at this elevation include sagebrush and cliffrose.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.12328494288472</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.94825634183691</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_angelswindow_side</pano_filename> <pano_north>207</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Aspens Bowl]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This grove of aspen trees is the only one on the South Rim. Aspens are generally found in the Western United States at elevations between 5,000 and 12,000 feet, and they favor cold, wet winters. The sheltered northern exposure of this grove, located near Grandview Point, provides the microclimate that aspens prefer. However, aspens are abundant on the higher elevation of the North Rim. They propagate by seeds and root sprouts, or runners. Each sprout is a clone of the parent tree, and all clones within the grove are considered to be a single organism! Forest fires benefit aspen groves by allowing aspen runners to sprout with no competition from plants after a fire has cleared the ground. In turn, aspens provide shade and shelter to new evergreen seedlings.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>35.97881407001558</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.97256663850527</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_grandview_bowl</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Bass Camp]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Along the North Bass Trail next to Shinumo Creek is a historic tourist location. Bass Camp is located along the creek with easy access to water and plenty of shade. VIEWLINK William Wallace Bass established the camp in the 1880s and later built a cable-ferry across the Colorado River. Bass would escort and guide hikers, explorers, and miners along the trail, crossing the river and often staying at his camp. Although the cable-ferry is no longer used, (and the cable no longer spans the river), both trail and camp remain popular destinations for hikers and rafters. The North Bass Trail starts at the North Rim, and is recommended only for experienced hikers. From the river however, rafters can take an easy, short hike up into the valley.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.22409491108871</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.3467832810589</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_basstrail2</pano_filename> <pano_north>5</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Bass Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At River Mile 107.5 on the Colorado River is the North Bass Trailhead at an elevation of 2,200 feet. Originally called Mystic Springs Trail, the North and South Bass Trails were improved by William Wallace Bass. The fourteen-mile trail climbs up a valley from the river, travels over a ridge, and then descends back down to historic Bass Camp. VIEWLINK The trail continues from Bass Camp up to the North Rim, an elevation of 7,500 feet. The two trails were once connected by a 300-foot cable-ferry that Bass constructed in 1908. He used it to access his mines, and for tourist trade, providing passage for hikers and other explorers. Remarkably, Bass did all this after being told he had six months to live; he eluded the prediction of his doctors for over fifty years.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.228318475214</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.33995800667896</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_basstrail5</pano_filename> <pano_north>160</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At River Mile 120 on the Colorado River, Blacktail Canyon presents an excellent example of the Great Unconformity. Here the canyon reveals the billion-year gap where the Tapeats Sandstone meets the "basement rock" layers of the canyon, which are composed of metamorphic gneisses and schists. There is virtually no record of the rock that once existed here between the Cambrian and Precambrian layers. The two layers and geological gap are easily distinguished: the flat, lighter upper layer is Tapeats, while the diagonally arranged darker rocks underneath are basement rocks. VIEWLINK Unconformities are common geologic features, but the rocks of the Colorado Plateau are not found worldwide.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.24690636954594</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.47034340115975</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_blacktailcanyon</pano_filename> <pano_north>12</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Ancestral Puebloan people once lived along the banks of the Colorado River, just a quarter mile from what is now Phantom Ranch. This site consists of a circular kiva, a fire pit, residential rooms and a flat plaza. VIEWLINK Constructed from local natural rock and mud mortar, these structures remain remarkably intact considering the location and their age (built approximately C.E. 1050). These people hunted, gathered edible plants, and farmed along the river. The reason for their abrupt disappearance is still unknown, but their granaries, fire pits and dwellings are scattered throughout Grand Canyon. Also within view is the more recent Kaibab Suspension Bridge, VIEWLINK built in 1928. Plants in this area include prickly pear cactus, mesquite, acacia and brittlebush.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.09967224972842</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09121477804072</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_prruinsint</pano_filename> <pano_north>202</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Water pours out of nearby Roaring Springs, within earshot and only a mile away. Providing water to the North Rim since 1928, Roaring Springs began to supply water to the South Rim as well, upon completion of the trans-canyon pipeline in 1970. At an elevation of roughly 4,580 feet and approximately five miles from the North Rim on the North Kaibab Trail, this is a perfect rest stop. Potable water is available on tap, with cottonwoods and willow trees for shade. The water flows year-round, resulting from groundwater filtering down from the North Rim through rock layers to the aquitard of Bright Angel Shale. This consistent source of water supports a variety of plant species, including cacti, canyon grape, and Mormon tea.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.195643332855646</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.03702052985751</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_roaringsprings1</pano_filename> <pano_north>273</pano_north> <pano_start>68, -46</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In 1896, James Thurber built the first Bright Angel Hotel at the top of the Bright Angel Trail. He sold his operation to Martin Buggeln in 1901, who sold it to the Santa Fe Railroad in 1906. At the time, the venture encompassed a main building with eight guest rooms, a restaurant, a curio shop and a livery, while the "cabins" were canvas tents. A room in 1902 cost two or three dollars a night. The Hotel's letterhead boasted, "...The only Point on the Grand Canyon reached by Rail." The Fred Harvey Company, a partner of the Santa Fe Railroad, hired architect Mary Jane Colter to design a lodge to replace the old Bright Angel Hotel. Bright Angel Lodge was built in 1935, and wood cabins replaced the canvas tents. Today, the Lodge is operated by park concessionaires.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.0579225022177</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14284951409044</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_balodge_cabins</pano_filename> <pano_north>350</pano_north> <pano_start>126, -39</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A short half-mile loop trail from the Grand Canyon Lodge leads to this point on the North Rim. At this popular vista, a spectacular view of the Bright Angel Canyon opens up below VIEWLINK with Roaring Springs Canyon VIEWLINK to the east and The Transept VIEWLINK to the west. Although out of sight, the distant sounds of Roaring Springs echo off the canyon walls below. The nearby North Rim Visitor Center and Grand Canyon Lodge are the primary sources for information, dining, and lodging in this area. The North Rim campground, located one mile away, provides additional accommodations and services for visitors who travel to more remote sites. In the winter months, generally mid-October to mid-May, the North Rim facilities are closed to the public.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.194806943805645</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.04649014265499</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_brightangelpoint</pano_filename> <pano_north>187</pano_north> <pano_start>67, -14</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Also known as the Silver Bridge, it was built in the 1960s, the second bridge to span the Colorado River within the Inner Gorge of Grand Canyon. Hikers regularly use this bridge to reach nearby Phantom Ranch and the North Kaibab Trail. Mules, livestock, and other hikers traveling into the canyon use the nearby Kaibab Suspension Bridge. VIEWLINK Also within view are several structures at Phantom Ranch, and the delta created by Bright Angel Creek as it meets the Colorado River. VIEWLINK Just past Phantom Ranch, the North Kaibab Trail ascends more than fourteen miles to the North Rim. Visible below the metal grate underfoot is the trans-canyon pipeline, VIEWLINK which supplies water from Roaring Springs to the South Rim of the canyon, and is the original reason for construction of this bridge.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.09763504921662</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09555424967128</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_silverbridge</pano_filename> <pano_north>292</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Bright Angel Trail is the most popular route into Grand Canyon from the South Rim. The Havasupai used it to reach Indian Garden 4.5 miles below, VIEWLINK where they cultivated crops until the early 1900s. Prospectors widened the trail in the late 1800s and extended it three more miles to the Colorado River. The trail now ends at Bright Angel Creek and Phantom Ranch, a total of nine miles from the Rim. In 1935, architect Mary Jane Colter designed Bright Angel Lodge, a sprawling, rustic structure with separate cabins. It incorporated portions of Grand Canyon Villages' first guest lodging facility, Bright Angel Hotel, where rooms could be rented for just $2.50 in 1896.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05729627809136</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14366919713781</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_brightangeltrail</pano_filename> <pano_north>308</pano_north> <pano_start>118, -46</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Cape Royal]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[On the North Rim, the winding and scenic road through Grand Canyon National Park concludes at this magnificent viewpoint. Formerly called Greenland Point by local Mormon cattlemen, this point affords a spectacular view of Grand Canyon. The Watchtower is visible across the canyon on the South Rim, while the Colorado River can be seen curving past the Unkar Delta below. Also within view are Wotans Throne VIEWLINK and the Vishnu Temple. VIEWLINK Named by Clarence Dutton in 1882, this is the southernmost point and the lowest elevation (7,865 feet) of the Walhalla Plateau.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.11746906712783</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.94861905544226</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_caperoyal2</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Colorado and Havasu Confluence]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The turquoise waters of Havasu Creek flow into the muddy brown water of the Colorado River here, VIEWLINK near River Mile 157. One of the most popular stops on the Colorado River for boaters, the mouth of Havasu Creek becomes extremely congested during the summer boating season. Hikers can scramble up the rocks nearby VIEWLINK to hike four miles up to Beaver Falls, the first of the famous waterfalls of Havasu Canyon. Beaver Falls are not as high or picturesque as Mooney or Havasu Falls, but there are many travertine pools at its base, which are perfect for a summer swim. Four miles upstream are the taller falls, and beyond that, the village of Supai. Camping is not allowed at the confluence, so boaters must arrive early to undertake the 10-mile hike to the designated campground.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.30784784948337</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.76315217038847</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_havasuconfluence</pano_filename> <pano_north>271</pano_north> <pano_start>108, -30</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Fremont Cottonwoods shade the campground and the creekside, making this an ideal stop on the way across the canyon. Potable water is on tap, along with composting toilets, and a ranger station. Looking up at the striated rock wall, the dipping strata of Hakatai Shale can be seen. VIEWLINK Red boulders from the Supai Group and grey boulders of Redwall Limestone can be seen underfoot and up the creek. Ancient peoples lived in this location as much as 800 years ago, hunting and gathering plants to eat, and subsequently farming crops of squash, beans and corn along the creek. Bright Angel Creek runs year-round, because it is fed by groundwater springs, including Roaring Springs.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.17387526072515</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.03801162317573</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_cottonwoodcamp</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This short footbridge crosses over Bright Angel Creek VIEWLINK before it meets the Colorado River a few hundred yards away. This area is a common destination for hikers coming from both the North Rim and South Rim. Here, they can find many modern amenities such as pay phones, toilets, fresh water, and accommodations at Phantom Ranch. From this bridge, the North Kaibab Trail follows Bright Angel Creek, ascending to the North Rim. Hikers can cross the river via the Kaibab Suspension Bridge to the east, VIEWLINK or follow a short trail past Phantom Ranch, to the Bright Angel Bridge. Accessible from south side of these bridges, the South Rim can be reached via the South Kaibab Trail in about six miles, while the the South Rim is nine miles away via the Bright Angel Trail.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.09951100939993</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09402646346777</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_creekbridge</pano_filename> <pano_north>153</pano_north> <pano_start>148, -35</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Deer Creek Falls]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Just past River Mile 136 on the Colorado River, the cascading waters of Deer Creek Falls meet the mighty Colorado River. The 75-foot waterfall flows out of a narrow Tapeats Sandstone gorge cut by the waters originating from Deer Creek Spring. VIEWLINK In this hidden paradise, the mist and runoff from the waterfalls feed an amazing array of mosses, flowers, and plant life clinging to the walls of the sandstone. VIEWLINK Runoff from the falls form a shallow pool of water that ultimately flows a few hundred feet to merge with the Colorado River. VIEWLINK The Deer Creek Falls, Deer Creek Trail, Deer Creek Spring, and nearby Thunder River Trail are popular destinations for both rafters at river level and hikers who begin their journey at the top of the North Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.38923838736092</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.50820773272146</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_deercreekwaterfall</pano_filename> <pano_north>348</pano_north> <pano_start>119, -31</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Deer Creek Patio]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At the end of the narrow Tapeats Sandstone passageway, VIEWLINK the Deer Creek Trail opens up into "The Patio," as local boaters call it. This area along the trail is known for its excellent shade and water. Whether arriving from the North Rim, more than twelve miles away, or from a short hike up from the Colorado River, this location is an enjoyable and restful spot in the canyon. Exploring small waterfalls and easily accessible passageways provides a cool refreshing break from the desert temperatures typical in this region. Following the creek to the north is a shady area for camping, with toilets nearby. A short hike north past the camping area leads to the majestic Deer Creek Spring, which flows out of the rocks in a spectacular waterfall.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.39210401419624</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.5062009469411</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_deercreek_patio1</pano_filename> <pano_north>203</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Deer Creek Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Climbing up the steep Deer Creek Trail from river level affords an incredible view of the canyon and Colorado River below. At this point in the trail, only the runoff from the 75-foot Deer Creek Falls is visible below as it meets the river. VIEWLINK From here the trail leads into the winding narrow passageway through Tapeats Sandstone, where the sounds of flowing water endlessly bounce and echo off the walls. VIEWLINK Campsites are located nearby, beyond the narrows. Hikers starting from the Bill Hall Trailhead at the North Rim can follow the Thunder River Trail through the arid Surprise Valley and down to the cool Deer Creek Springs, this location, and on to Deer Creek Falls below.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.38954931039023</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.50950560225868</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_deercreekhikeup</pano_filename> <pano_north>247</pano_north> <pano_start>338, -33</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Deer Spring]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Deer Creek Spring flows down the valley through a narrow Tapeats Sandstone passageway, and is a tributary to the Colorado River. Culminating in a 75-foot waterfall, the waters of this spring merge with the Colorado River a few miles downstream. The nearby trail leads north many miles to Indian Hollow atop the North Rim, 4,400 feet above the Colorado River. This protected alcove with its constant water source supports lush mosses, plants, and large trees in the shade of the high rock walls. The water provides a refreshing change to the very hot, dry atmosphere of the area, and is frequented by hikers and rafters. Just downstream, creek-side campsites provide overnight resting spots.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.39883842595608</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.50359087231598</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_deer_spring</pano_filename> <pano_north>354</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Watchtower, located on the eastern edge of the South Rim, is a tribute to the towers built by Ancestral Puebloans in the Four Corners area. Architect Mary Jane Colter researched masonry methods and means of construction of local ancient tower ruins for months before completing the Watchtower design. Though it appears to be solely rock-and-mortar, the Watchtower bears an internal structure that consists of a concrete foundation and steel framework. The brick-shaped rocks, meticulously collected locally, were used unaltered. Thus the color is consistent overall, and the tower is harmonious with its surroundings. Seventy feet tall, it affords excellent views of the region, and continues to be a tourist destination since its dedication in 1933.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.04341745634362</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.82657822978572</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_desertview1</pano_filename> <pano_north>46</pano_north> <pano_start>279, -34</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[On a promontory just southeast of the tower itself is a viewing platform where visitors can see the dramatic and fitting result of architect Mary Jane Colter's vision. Her goal was to attain harmony among the surroundings, history of the area, the building, and its purpose. The tower was intended for use as an observation structure for the burgeoning tourist industry surrounding Grand Canyon, in particular tours run by The Fred Harvey Company, Colter's employer. Construction took three years, much of it supervised by Colter herself, dedicated to having the details of her design perfected. The Watchtower opened with blessings and a full day of dances performed by local Native Americans in May, 1933. Colter was in her sixties, and continued to work until 1949.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.04338275622287</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.82489448740027</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_desertview4</pano_filename> <pano_north>340</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Hopi Room is built around a Snake Altar under glass, at its center a genuine sand painting, left incomplete for the purpose of keeping it intact. The Altar also includes wands from the Antelope Clan, ceremonial Katsina dolls, and a tray of sacred corn meal, used in the dance itself. The largest circular painting in this gallery depicts the sacred Hopi Snake Legend, VIEWLINK painted by respected Hopi artist Fred Kabotie. Other designs include the God of the Clouds, VIEWLINK the God of Germination, VIEWLINK the Course of the Sun, VIEWLINK and the Great Snake encircling the atrium opening. The walls above the serpent VIEWLINK showcase reproductions of petroglyphs and rock drawings from ancient dwellings, researched by Mary Colter and painted by artist Fred Greer.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.04327865576878</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.82576466445741</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_desertview6</pano_filename> <pano_north>25</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This terrace is located on the kiva roof, now known as the observation room, which is in the northern portion of the Watchtower building. Along the edge of the terrace wall, there are several reflectoscopes, VIEWLINK which have been in use since the 1930s, and a chimney for the fireplace below. Natural rock faces comprise the exterior, some intended to project out of the smooth plane, creating more visual interest. At an elevation of 7,522 feet, the roof of the tower is the highest point on the South Rim. The view from the kiva includes visitors at the southeast viewpoint, VIEWLINK Commanche Point, Cardenas Butte, and the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.04379915666278</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.82585049514297</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_desertview3</pano_filename> <pano_north>32</pano_north> <pano_start>264, -14</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Fred Greer of the Fred Harvey Company painted the two upper galleries visible here. Images were found by researching actual cave paintings, rock drawings and petroglyphs that exist in ancient dwellings and kivas all over the southwestern United States. Inspiration for the figures depicted on the ceiling were found specifically at Abo Pass, New Mexico, with compositional guides drawn by Herman Schweizer decades earlier. Many of the images have meanings and stories like the images visible in the Hopi Room below; but others remain mysterious, their stories lost over time. Architecturally, this tower differs from an ancient tower, where the upper rooms would be accessed via ladders passing through the central atrium; here, stairways curve along the walls.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.04310515470613</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.82557565433062</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_desertview5</pano_filename> <pano_north>348</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A hike to Dripping Springs makes a pleasant seven mile round-trip day hike on the Hermit Trail. In 1891 Louis Boucher came to the Grand Canyon from Quebec, Canada, and set up a camp at Dripping Springs. He had two tents, and a corral where he kept some livestock. He also had goldfish and water lilies in his water trough. Boucher built the trail to Dripping Springs, which he originally called the Silver Bell Trail, and then built the Boucher Trail, establishing a second camp about a mile from the Colorado River. There, he built several stone cabins, planted a garden and an orchard, and entertained guests. Although Boucher was labeled The Hermit, he brought many people to his Canyon home, and worked as a tourist guide with early Canyon entrepreneurs John Hance and Pete Berry.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.06236490758271</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.24234362304401</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_ba_drippingsprings1</pano_filename> <pano_north>322</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[El Tovar and Hopi House]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[El Tovar Hotel and adjacent Hopi House opened in 1905 to cater to tourists arriving at the South Rim's Grand Canyon Village. El Tovar VIEWLINK was designed by architect Charles Whittlesey and named after an officer in Francisco Vásquez de Coronado's Seven Cities of Gold expedition of 1540. It boasted more than a hundred guest rooms, a restaurant, and a solarium, among other luxuries. Hopi House, VIEWLINK commissioned by the Fred Harvey Company to display and sell Native American crafts, was the first Grand Canyon structure designed by architect Mary Jane Colter. Modeled after Southwestern pueblos, it housed Native craftspeople and performers on its upper floors and sold their jewelry, textiles, basketry and other items. Both facilities remain in operation.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.057398625311386</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.13808912969085</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_eltovarhopi</pano_filename> <pano_north>213</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Elves Chasm]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At River Mile 116.5 on the Colorado River, Royal Arch Creek leads to a hidden haven known as Elves Chasm. In the rugged landscape that typifies much of the canyon, Elves Chasm is an unusually soothing and comforting place. Supported by a constant water source, plants such as ferns, orchids, and mosses thrive. Travertine formations cover the sidewalls, deposited by the constant water moving through the limestone. VIEWLINK The name is appropriate to the beauty and mysticism the place connotes. Contained by the rock walls that make up the Tapeats Sandstone, the waters flow into the Colorado River just below. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.19495649283116</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.45251801132888</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_elveschasm</pano_filename> <pano_north>27</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Grandview Fire Tower]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This fire tower was built in 1936 by the Civilian Conservation Corps. The 81-foot tall steel tower is still used today as a fire lookout. The "cab," where the fire spotter watches for fires, is a seven-foot square metal box with a trap door in the floor, providing access to the stairs. VIEWLINK A historic cabin nearby was also built by the CCC. VIEWLINK Visitors may climb the stairs to see the surrounding ponderosa pine forest of the Coconino Plateau, as well as outstanding panoramas of the Grand Canyon and across to the North Rim. In the summer, a fire spotter is often available to answer questions. The Arizona Trail passes below the Grandview Fire Tower, and a short path, the Vishnu Trail, travels through the ponderosas of the Coconino Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>35.95767891046768</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.95496889130585</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_eastrim_firetower2</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In the 1880s and 1890s, this was a major South Rim destination. The point offered not only a magnificent view, but also dreams of fortunes, with the desire for discovery of copper veins below. Settlers, explorers and businessmen descended on this and other locations along the rim to mine the potential treasures of the Canyon. In the process, they established camps and hotels, subsidizing their ventures by guiding tourists and providing lodging for visitors. The Grand View Hotel, established in 1897, no longer exists, but was once a mainstay for visitors to the park. Below the rim from the hotel site, visitors could venture out on the Grandview Trail, which is still in use today. The trailhead begins nearby. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>35.997843027762144</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.98765320768263</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_grandviewpoint</pano_filename> <pano_north>272</pano_north> <pano_start>249, -29</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Along the road to Cape Royal on the North Rim, a pullout provides access to the meadow at Greenland Lake. A short un-maintained trail circles this very shallow body of water. Heavy snows from the surrounding area are transformed into spring runoff that creates the meadow lake seen here. The Kaibab Limestone karst features below the lake and the accumulated sediment, contain the water almost year-round. In this predominantly arid environment, lakes like this provide water vital for the survival of the diverse ecosystem of this area. Wildlife ranging from mule deer, ground squirrels, warblers, and dragonflies all rely upon this wetland habitat and other small pools on a daily basis. Visitors are likely to see groups of deer as they stop here for a late afternoon or evening drink.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.24206708624572</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.99153430692833</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_meadow1</pano_filename> <pano_north>183</pano_north> <pano_start>21, -40</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The landscape of Havasu Canyon is defined by this creek as it approaches the Colorado River two miles downstream. The waters collide with the rough boulders near the towering waterfalls, which reach heights of 200 feet. Periodic heavy floods occurring every twenty-five to fifty years scour the canyon of its dense vegetation. The most recent flood of magnitude occurred in 1993. It uprooted mature cottonwood trees, travertine formations on the falls, and displaced massive boulders throughout the canyon. Parts of the uprooted trees can still be seen today along the canyon and stream. VIEWLINK Although destructive, these floods are important to the ecology of riparian ecosystems and the resulting effects are beneficial in the long term.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.301601872596805</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.75558633241756</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_havasu1</pano_filename> <pano_north>357</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Havasu Creek]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Havasu Creek VIEWLINK flows through the last ten miles of Havasu Canyon and is fed by Havasu Springs. Just one hundred yards downstream, where the creek meets the Colorado River, is the entry point to Havasu Canyon, with its cottonwoods, travertine formations, and waterfalls of all magnitudes. Some of the more spectacular waterfalls include Beaver Falls, Havasu Falls, Mooney Falls, and Navajo Falls, which can be found between four and eight miles upstream from this point. The towering series of waterfalls reach heights up to 200 feet and are near Hualapai Hilltop, seventeen miles upstream, on the Havasupai Indian Reservation. Permits for camping and hiking are required to visit the falls on Havasupai land.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.29855651808357</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.74134615424025</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_havasu3</pano_filename> <pano_north>7</pano_north> <pano_start>11, -53</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hearst Tanks]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Hearst Tanks are a series of three manmade water catchment basins located just east of Grandview Point. VIEWLINK Tanks, or stockponds, provide much-needed water storage for livestock and wildlife in this arid environment. Some tanks on the South Rim, such as the nearby Hull Tank, are manmade. Some, such as Lockett Lake near the Grandview Fire Tower, were existing shallow ponds made deeper by bulldozing. Still others are water catchments constructed of concrete and metal that funnel runoff into an underground cistern. An open concrete basin allows wildlife access to the precious stored water. These "trick tanks" are created by the Arizona Game and Fish Department to increase the availability of water for both wildlife and livestock grazing on National Forest Lands.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>35.977806935263686</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.98218743657678</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hearst_tanks</pano_filename> <pano_start>148, -28</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hermits Rest]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located at the end of Hermit Road, this rustic structure was designed by architect Mary Jane Colter, and was completed in 1914. The design was intended to connote the handiwork of a resident of the area (a hermit), working without training and using locally available materials. The resulting rest house successfully blends into the surroundings, and looked suitably old the day it opened. Hermit Road, the rest house, and the Hermit Trail leading to the Tonto Platform were all commissioned by the Santa Fe Railroad to circumvent the troublesome Bright Angel Trail, which was under the strict control of Ralph Cameron at the time. Louis Boucher may have been the hermit these sites were named for, though he departed before the trail and rest house were completed.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.06080029361716</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.2121931293808</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hermitsrest</pano_filename> <pano_north>53</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hopi Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This is one of the most spectacular and extensive views along the South Rim. Looking to the west, the Colorado River is visible more than a mile below as it cuts through the canyon. VIEWLINK Straight down, the strata of the Inner Gorge displays the metamorphic "basement rocks" of the Canyon. VIEWLINK On a clear day, views to the east extend as far as Cape Royal located on the North Rim. VIEWLINK This point was originally known as Rowes Point but was later renamed in reference to the Hopi Indians of the area. The stop once marked the endpoint of the western tours of the Canyon along the rim, which now extends to Hermits Rest along the loop road. It is accessible by shuttle or footpath from Grand Canyon Village.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.07398405474974</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.15492333489438</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hopi_pt</pano_filename> <pano_north>98</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This designated primitive campground is 3.5 miles from the Grandview trailhead, with an elevation drop of 2,600 feet. It has pit toilets, but no water and very little shade. During the summer, temperatures on Horseshoe Mesa may reach into the triple digits during the day. In the winter, the very steep, icy trail makes hiking a challenge. In the late 1890s, however, the Grandview trail was used by tourists staying at the rustic, but comfortable, Grandview Hotel, and miners working the copper mines along the Redwall Limestone. The Hotel was the first of its kind on the South Rim, started in 1892 and remodeled until 1897, making it the "only first-class hotel at the Grand Canyon" until the El Tovar opened in 1905.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.02063006576677</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.97708562410159</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hsm_camp</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Horseshoe Mesa: Cave of the Domes Entrance]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Millions of years ago, groundwater seeped into fractures in the Redwall Limestone, dissolving the porous stone. Over time, this dissolution created chambers within the limestone, forming caves such as this one. Prospectors working at mines on Horseshoe Mesa in the late 1890s discovered several caves, calling them the Grand Canyon Caverns. (Not to be confused with Grand Canyon Caverns between Seligman and Peach Springs.) The "caverns" became a tourist attraction for visitors staying at the Grandview Hotel. Even today, visitors can explore the inner reaches of this cave, if they are willing to crawl through either of the two small entrances. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.02464245731907</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.98503537177207</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hsm_caveentrance</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Horseshoe Mesa: Cave of the Domes Interior]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Horseshoe Mesa Cave provides the adventurous hiker with a different kind of Grand Canyon experience. A tight crawl through an opening in the Redwall Limestone opens into this room, complete with remnants of stalactites. VIEWLINK Visitors in the late 1800s broke off the hanging formations and brought them back up the Grandview Trail as souvenirs, or to decorate the Grandview Hotel porch. Visitors today are asked to respect the fragile nature of the cave, and to protect the historic signatures found on the domed ceiling of the adjoining room. That room is accessed by yet another narrow passage, as are several other rooms. Visitors to these caves should be prepared with headlamps, use extreme caution, and never enter the caves alone. Most caves in the park are closed to exploration.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.02460774892566</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.98567910191403</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hsm_cave_insideback</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In the 1890s, mining was a source of income for those who tried to make the South Rim of the Grand Canyon their home. In 1890, Pete Berry made a claim on Horseshoe Mesa, calling it the Last Chance Mine. He located a rich vein of copper ore and spent the next eleven years pulling it out of the Canyon, using burros via the Grandview Trail, which he built with the miners he hired. Miners received $4.00 a day for their work; good money in those days. In 1901 Berry sold the mine to an East Coast corporation; seven years later the copper market crashed and the mine shut down. In its heyday, however, several cabins were built, such as the remnants of the one nearby. VIEWLINK A mess hall was also located near the cabins, and one employee was responsible for cooking meals for the crew.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.019921975460186</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.97578300648398</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hsm_minerscabin</pano_filename> <pano_start>198, -38</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Horseshoe Mesa: Old Winch]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At the Last Chance Mine on Horseshoe Mesa, miners would load mules and burros with copper ore (burros could carry 100 pounds, while mules bore up to 200 pounds). The pack animals were led up the Grandview Trail four miles to the Rim, where the ore was loaded onto wagons and hauled to Flagstaff to meet the train. The train would haul the ore to El Paso, Texas, to the smelter. Today, hikers can still see remnants of mining equipment. VIEWLINK These relics are considered to be historic artifacts; mining timbers, equipment and even old tin cans and tailings piles are protected by Federal law. Please leave them where they lie, so others may appreciate them. Camping is not allowed in this sensitive location. A designated campground nearby can be used with an overnight permit.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.0171103776325</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.97550816567151</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_hsm_winch</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[House Rock Rapids]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[On the journey down the river, one of the first rapids one encounters is House Rock Rapid. This is the point where House Rock Wash enters the Colorado River, ultimately forming the rapids through years of Debris Flows. Rider Canyon and House Rock Valley are visible to the west. VIEWLINK The valley is named for two large rocks that form a primitive shelter many miles upstream from the Colorado. An inscription written by an early unknown canyon traveler who took shelter under these rocks, transcribed by Frederick Dellenbaugh in 1904, reads: "From this came House Rock Valley, and the name was soon a fixture, and went on our maps. And thus easily are names established in a new country."]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.672971521176734</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.74057953519345</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_houserock</pano_filename> <pano_north>181</pano_north> <pano_start>348, -52</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hull Cabin]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Hull Cabin is located within the Kaibab National Forest. It is about two miles from the Grandview Fire Tower on Forest Road 307. The cabin is currently operated by the U.S. Forest Service as a work center, but it has a long history on the South Rim. In the early 1880s, Philip and William Hull started a sheep ranch. With the help of Grand Canyon local John Hance, the Hulls established a 73-mile wagon road from their sheep ranch all the way to Flagstaff. They built this cabin in 1888, and at the same time built a reservoir nearby to store water for tourists and livestock. Tourism proved to be more profitable than sheep ranching, and the Hulls continued guiding tourists until William Hull's unexpected death at the age of 39 in 1904.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>35.96832534714825</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.9464322165368</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_eastrim_hullcabin</pano_filename> <pano_start>173, -38</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At an elevation of 3,800 feet, Indian Garden Campground is located 4.5 miles below the South Rim. The area is rich in human history, dating back almost 10,000 years, due to ease of access and perennial springs that feed Garden Creek. The consistent water supply (now supplemented by trans-canyon pipeline overflow) allows riparian vegetation to flourish, including cottonwood trees, monkeyflowers, and canyon grape. Most visible vegetation was planted for shade and is irrigated. The campground, built on the site of an early tourist site, can host up to fifty people per night. Campers have the luxuries of potable water on tap, composting toilets, shade and structures for hanging backpacks. Metal containers are provided for food storage.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.0778237717198</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.12829272112349</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_indiangardencamp</pano_filename> <pano_north>309</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Inner Gorge]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In the heart of the Grand Canyon is the Inner Gorge, a masterpiece of Precambrian history and geology. In this region the oldest and deepest rock layer of the canyon can be seen in all directions. These "basement rocks" are composed of several metamorphic gneisses and schists, including Vishnu Schist, and they range from 1.62 to 1.84 billion years old. They may contain inclusions of lighter-colored Zoroaster Granite, which are younger by several hundred million years. These rocks were changed (metamorphosed) by heat, pressure, and time. The dark color is due to minerals in the original rocks. Dense and hard, they are very smooth. VIEWLINK In this view, the Colorado River is very silty, a result of recent rains.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.081543643907</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.03464733422831</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_vishnuschist2</pano_filename> <pano_north>7</pano_north> <pano_start>5, -48</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Built in 1921, the Kaibab Suspension Bridge is one of two bridges that cross the Colorado River inside the Inner Gorge of the canyon. Often called the Black Bridge, it sits 65 feet above river level and connects the North Rim to the South Rim across the 500-foot span. Heading south is the South Kaibab Trail, which ascends 4,780 feet to the South Kaibab Trailhead, located on the South Rim more than six miles away. About half a mile to the west is the Bright Angel Suspension Bridge, VIEWLINK the second bridge spanning the Colorado River at this level. Amenities nearby include phone service, a snack shop, toilets, and camping, which is helpful to hikers and river rafters. This general location is also a common point for arriving and departing river trip passengers.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.100739374958714</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.08922597148451</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_mulebridge</pano_filename> <pano_north>59</pano_north> <pano_start>314, -42</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Kolb Studio: Art Gallery]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The exhibit gallery at Kolb Studio was built at two time periods: The western portion was part of a three-story addition to the original 1904 structure, in which lower level living quarters were expanded and the auditorium was constructed. No longer in use, the doorway at the far northwest end of the auditorium led down to the hallway between Emery Kolb's office and bedroom. VIEWLINK The Kolbs finished construction in 1926. Always a popular spot for visitors to attend the Kolb Brothers' presentations, it became even more popular after Ellsworth and Emery made the first motion picture of a trip they took down the Colorado River. The 1911-1912 trip was shown twice daily from 1915 to 1976. The 61-year run of the movie makes it the longest running motion picture in the world!]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05740209470634</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14095192546498</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_kolb_gallery</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Constructed during an expansion in 1925, the gift shops at Kolb Studios sold photographs taken by Ellsworth and Emery Kolb. By that time, however, the relationship between the brothers had become too strained, and Ellsworth moved to Los Angeles, California. Emery's wife, Blanche, operated the bookstore and was also the bookkeeper for the business. She continued her work there until her death in 1960. After Emery's death in 1976, the building was boarded up until the Grand Canyon Association began restoration in 1990. In 1995 this bookstore and an exhibit gallery were opened. Proceeds from bookstore sales go to the ongoing maintenance and upkeep of the building, as well as refurnishing the living quarters with period furniture.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05698403151286</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14098698821316</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_kolb_bookstore</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This is Emery Kolb's original office, located just off the living room; now it is furnished as a sitting room. When the Kolb's photography business was in its infancy, the original building lacked running water to develop photographic prints. So, in 1906, the brothers built a cabin for photo developing at Indian Gardens, located on the Tonto Plateau below. VIEWLINK In order to develop photos of the mule-riding tourists descending into the Canyon, one of the brothers would take their picture as they began the descent, then jog the 4.5 miles down to Indian Gardens, carrying the photo plates. When finished with developing, he would ascend the trail (a 3,000-foot elevation gain!) and return to the Studio in time to have finished photos for the mule riders returning that evening!]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05726158408829</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.1413809875837</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_kolbview1</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Brothers Emery and Ellsworth Kolb arrived in Grand Canyon Village at the turn of the 20th century at the height of preparations for Grand Canyon tourism. Ralph Cameron, proprietor of Camerons Hotel, allowed the Kolb brothers to build a photography studio on one of his mining claims at the canyons' edge. Until a water source was available on the rim, Emery would photograph people embarking on mule trips into the canyon, then go 4.5 miles to Indian Garden, VIEWLINK the nearest source of fresh water, to develop the film. He and his family remained for decades, photographing and entertaining visitors. Expanded in stages through 1926, the Kolb Studio was acquired by the National Park Service after Emery's death in 1976. Today it is home to a Grand Canyon Association bookstore and art gallery.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05726678818969</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14070507093469</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_kolblowerfront</pano_filename> <pano_north>110</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Kolb Studio: Kolb Living Room]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Almost all the rooms in the Kolb's home had windows overlooking the Grand Canyon. Here in the living room, the grandest views are in the sunroom, which was once Emery's office. VIEW Originally the dining room table occupied this room; it was later moved to the smaller, blue room. VIEWLINK The telescope VIEWLINK was once upstairs in the bookstore's sunroom, for the use of tourists. The stairs VIEWLINK lead up to the parlor, where Emery and Blanche Kolb entertained guests next to a stone fireplace. Most of the original furniture in the residence was claimed by family members after the Kolbs' death, or sold before the building was boarded up. The Grand Canyon Association has acquired some of the family's heirlooms and has furnished the rest of the rooms with period furniture from 1925-30.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05710546088497</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14122393569092</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_kolbview3</pano_filename> <pano_north>88</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This elegant parlor was a favorite place for Emery and Blanche Kolb to entertain friends and visitors. Guests they would receive included luminaries such as Albert Einstein and Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, who was President of the National Geographic Society at the time. Blanche enjoyed hosting community members, and it was here that she would treat local ladies to afternoon tea. A door to the left of the fireplace led outside to a walkway, with stairs leading up to what is now part of the Rim Trail. A passageway to the right of the fireplace led to the auditorium, where Emery gave lectures and showed slides and motion picture presentations. Behind the railing, the stairs lead down to the Kolb's private living quarters.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05710199147694</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14070466004306</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_kolbview4</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lava Falls]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Looking downriver, this notable class 8-10 rapid speeds steeply west, taking the rafters with it. VIEWLINK Contrary to popular belief, these rapids were not a result of nearby lava flows, but rather due to detritus and boulders deposited by the waters of nearby Prospect Creek, which flows from Prospect Canyon. These deposits generate many of the waves and holes of the rapid, which can change with any heavy rainfall that causes movement of debris. Rounded formations of lava are visible here, VIEWLINK as is Vulcans Throne, the cinder cone high above, where some of the lava originated. Also visible is distinctive columnar basalt, VIEWLINK often seen in the lava flows of this area, much of which was shaped by volcanic activity, such as the nearby Uinkarets Mountains and Mount Trumbull.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.19811954619004</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-113.08381520086368</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_lava</pano_filename> <pano_north>358</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Like the Toroweap Overlook, this point is also located on the flat, shelf-like landform of the Esplanade, VIEWLINK at an elevation of 4,600 feet. Characterized by mild winters and hot summers, this high desert region hosts sagebrush and succulents. The famous Lava Falls Rapid can be seen in the Colorado River below. VIEWLINK Just above the rapids on the north canyon wall, the black of a lava flow is distinct against the neighboring sedimentary rocks of Supai Group and Redwall Limestone, among others. VIEWLINK This lava poured over the canyon rim and actually obstructed the Colorado River about 1.2 million years ago, forming lakes for a relatively short time. The mighty Colorado River eroded right through them, however, and is now fifty feet below the lowest point of those dams.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.214614669123705</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-113.06285073632581</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_toroweap3</pano_filename> <pano_north>355</pano_north> <pano_start>327, -45</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Ledges near Matkatamiba]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A small seep splashes down the Muav Limestone into the Colorado River. Located in the Muav Gorge at mile 151, these limestone ledges were formed when a tropical sea existed here about 505 million years ago. The purple-grey limestone contains fossils of sponges, brachiopods, corals and trilobites. Upstream at Mile 148 is Matkatamiba Canyon, a narrow, twisting side canyon that is popular with rafters and photographers. A small rapid forms at the mouth of Matkatamiba Canyon, but is nothing in comparison to the thundering strength of Upset Rapid at mile 150. Rated a 5 on the Grand Canyon scale of 1-10, Upset lives up to its name of catching rafters unawares. Here at Ledges, rafters can camp and celebrate their run or dry out their gear.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.348610785979645</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.71995020788883</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_ledges</pano_filename> <pano_north>242</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lees Ferry]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Lees Ferry is a historic river crossing site which marks the beginning of all river journeys into Grand Canyon. Named after John D. Lee, this point was a critical crossing from the 1850s until 1929. Lee used a range of wooden boats and rafts to safely transport passengers, supplies, and even horse-drawn wagons across the Colorado River. Today, thousands of rafters and boaters use Lees Ferry as an entry point to the river, which may carry them as far as Lake Mead about 279 miles downstream. This point, where the Paria River meets the Colorado River, marks the first mile of the trip and the earliest geological time period for the Canyon. A few miles upstream is historic Glen Canyon Dam, VIEWLINK holding back the waters of Lake Powell. Downstream is Marble Canyon. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.8657941091841</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.58596788184927</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_leesferry</pano_filename> <pano_north>163</pano_north> <pano_start>45, -33</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Lipan Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The magnificent view afforded by Lipan Point extends a distance of more than 75 miles on a clear day, and sometimes includes the Echo Cliffs and Vermilion Cliffs far to the northeast. Also visible are the Palisades of the Desert VIEWLINK, and the Unkar Delta. VIEWLINK Closer at hand is Cardenas Butte, VIEWLINK named for Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, a conquistador from Spain who visited Grand Canyon in 1540. The trip was a failure for him though, as he was seeking gold and river passage to the Sea of Cortez. He and his men could not reach the Colorado River from this point, led by their Hopi guides to a section of the rim that did not offer access to it. Ultimately, he ventured to the Rio Grande River to join his army, disappointed in the results of his trek.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.03242716361427</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.85335393393888</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_lipanpoint</pano_filename> <pano_north>6</pano_north> <pano_start>171, -69</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Little Colorado River Confluence]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At River Mile 61.5, the Little Colorado River travels from the east to merge with the greater Colorado River. VIEWLINK The Little Colorado River is an important part of the ecology of the Grand Canyon and Colorado River habitats. The Colorado River is controlled by the Glen Canyon Dam, and there are several dams on the upper Little Colorado, limiting its flow amount for much of the year. When it does flow, the Little Colorado transports silt and sediment, stirred up by rain and floods, into Grand Canyon. These sediments are deposited along the river shores. These deposits create beautiful beaches and provide an important riparian habitat for wildlife and fish, like the humpback chub.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.193040627014675</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.79912610678268</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_littlecolorado2</pano_filename> <pano_north>90</pano_north> <pano_start>233, -34</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Perched on the edge of the South Rim, this viewpoint provides a preview of the canyon for hikers venturing out on the Bright Angel Trail. VIEWLINK Telescopes located on the building above VIEWLINK provide closer views of Indian Garden Campground, the Inner Gorge, and the Tonto Platform. VIEWLINK This historic structure was designed by the Santa Fe Railroad architect Mary Jane Colter and was completed in 1914. The building is one of many structures in the canyon that Colter created to blend seamlessly into the surrounding environment. This site exhibits Colter's mastery of design; elements of native cultures are merged with practical tourist needs, while the structure rises out of the canyon strata like a natural formation.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05803352204134</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14184027306081</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_rimstore</pano_filename> <pano_start>76, -43</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Colorado River becomes quite muddy through the Lower Granite Gorge at River Mile 202. Here, outcroppings of ancient basaltic flows can be seen along the river. VIEWLINK Parashant Wash, just downstream, is a popular camp with river runners and offers great hiking. An interesting hike is up a wash to the Book of Worms, which is a slab of Bright Angel shale covered with worm burrows dating back 550 million years! The Bright Angel Shale is easily eroded, making the Canyon's beaches wider, the river quieter, and allowing for more vegetation to grow along the river's banks.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.04548208600382</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-113.35216881131485</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_lowergranite</pano_filename> <pano_north>146</pano_north> <pano_start>14, -13</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Between River Miles 57 and 58 on the Colorado River is a primitive hiking trail that loops through Malgosa Canyon. From this view, strata of the Supai Group, Redwall Limestone, and Temple Butte Limestone are clearly visible on the canyon walls. VIEWLINK Also visible along this trail are Unclassified Dolomites, Muav Limestone, and Bright Angel Shale. The trail is occasionally steep and rocky but can be navigated by most hikers coming up a river trail. VIEWLINK At the top of Malgosa Canyon, the vista widens as the trail ascends to the upper layers of geologic history. The canyon was named after Pablo de Melgosa, a member of Cardenas' group, arriving at the South Rim in 1540.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.2417555744193</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.84082429740897</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_malgosacanyon1</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At Malgosa Canyon, near River Mile 58, the Canyon's walls open up. The tilted sedimentary Precambrian rocks erode more easily, forming round, weathered hills visible from Mile 58 downstream to Mile 73 at Unkar Delta. The colorfully eroded beds of the Dox Formation VIEWLINK are visible here, about two miles up Malgosa Canyon. Although picturesque, the nearby shale beds do not provide enough nutrients for plant life. VIEWLINK Malgosa Crest flanks the north side of Malgosa Canyon, at an elevation of 5,584 feet. VIEWLINK On the canyon's south side, Kwagunt Butte is over a half mile long. VIEWLINK Fault lines also contribute to the twisted geology of this area. Three faults and the East Kaibab Monocline contributed to the formation of Malgosa Canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.242170923245375</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.85225530116334</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_malgosacanyon3</pano_filename> <pano_north>109</pano_north> <pano_start>30, -70</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Sixty miles of the Colorado River cuts through Marble Canyon, which stretches from Lees Ferry to the confluence of the Little Colorado River. Marble Canyon is not actually composed of marble, but was given its name due to the marble-like appearance of the polished rock walls. The actual geological makeup of Marble Canyon includes upper (younger) layers of Kaibab Formation, Toroweap Formation and Coconino Sandstone, VIEWLINK and subsequent layers composed of Supai Group, Redwall Limestone, Temple Butte Limestone, Muav Limestone, Bright Angel Shale, and some outcroppings of Tapeats Sandstone. Flooding in the canyon caused churning of the river bottom, re-depositing silt and sediment onto higher ground, creating this sandy beach.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.06107783273245</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.10822158053507</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_marblecanyon</pano_filename> <pano_north>45</pano_north> <pano_start>157, -56</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In 1890, Dan Hogan filed a claim for a copper mine, based on the promising green stains that implied the existence of copper oxide minerals nearby, which he discovered 1,000 feet below the rim. He didn't find much copper, but he maintained his hold on the land and in 1936 built a small tourist facility on the rim. Later (1956 to 1969), the whole thing was transformed into the Orphan Mine, bought after a succession of owners by Western Gold and Uranium, Inc. It became one of the richest uranium mines in the U.S., but after demand for uranium dwindled in the late 1960s, the owners began to plan a gargantuan luxury hotel that would actually be built into the wall of the canyon. Fortunately, a law was passed by Congress, which ended mineral rights and took over the property.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.070409515587414</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14769136915936</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_maricopa_pt</pano_filename> <pano_north>298</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Mather Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This magnificent viewpoint and the nearby Canyon View Information Center are seen by millions of visitors each year. It may be the most frequented viewpoint in Grand Canyon, and is aptly named after Stephen Tyng Mather, the first director of the National Park Service. Mather's vision, boldness, and dedication to preservation of the environment helped focus the work of the government when he became National Park Service Director in 1916. The depth of the Inner Gorge VIEWLINK and grandeur of the canyon experienced from this location are reflections of the scope and impact of his achievements. Mather defined and established the policies governing the conservation of the canyon and lands that would fall under the National Park Service domain after his death in 1930.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.061320678655285</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.10839324190626</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_mather_pt</pano_filename> <pano_north>37</pano_north> <pano_start>157, -47</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Matkatamiba]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At River Mile 148 on the Colorado River, a short hike up Matkatmiba Canyon leads to this Redwall Limestone amphitheatre. The spring-fed trickle of water that flows through this canyon cuts through the lower layers of Muav Limestone below. VIEWLINK Over thousands of years, the running water incised deep grooves and passageways through the ancient rock. The passageways provide a difficult but adventurous challenge for hikers coming up from the Colorado River. At this point the canyon widens majestically, making it a perfect resting spot. As with most sedimentary rock layers, occasional fossils can be found where the rock crumbles away from the walls, exposing more history of the canyon. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.3387625613682</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.66921048500957</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_matkatamiba2</pano_filename> <pano_north>73</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Mohave Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Visible immediately below this point is The Alligator VIEWLINK, named by photographer Emery Kolb. It points to a number of landmarks located across the Canyon, including the Towers of Set, VIEWLINK Temple of Ra, VIEWLINK and Temples of Horus, Osiris and Isis. VIEWLINK Clarence Dutton named most of these monuments, and exercised a sense of humor in placing the temples of these deities in such close proximity, as their relationships were typically adversarial. Also within view are Salt Creek, named for its flavor by Henry Gannett; Granite Rapid, named for its reflections of pink Granite Gorge; and Hermit Rapid, named after Louis Boucher, a so-called 'reclusive' man who lived in Grand Canyon from 1889 to 1912.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.071328747870496</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.16590893217601</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_mohavepoint</pano_filename> <pano_north>6</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Nankoweap]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Nankoweap and Little Nankoweap Creeks drain into the Colorado River at the Nankoweap Delta, VIEWLINK one of the largest deltas in Grand Canyon. Between C.E. 900 and 1150, Ancestral Puebloans built an impressive row of granaries VIEWLINK and other storage structures VIEWLINK 500 feet up the cliff face. Accessible by a recently produced footpath, VIEWLINK the granaries stored corn, squash, beans and other crops. Although the word 'weap' is Paiute for 'canyon' or 'wash,' the precise definition of Nankoweap has been lost. It means either 'place where people were killed,' or 'singing canyon,' depending on the source. Major John Wesley Powell supervised the building of the Nankoweap Trail, accessible from the North Rim, in 1882-1883 for a geologic expedition.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.30088593963711</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.86042291268045</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_nankoweap</pano_filename> <pano_north>198</pano_north> <pano_start>3, -59</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Spanning Marble Canyon above the Colorado River, downriver from Lees Ferry, the original Navajo Bridge grants access to the North Rim and the Kaibab National Forest. Built in 1929, it replaced crossing by boat at Lees Ferry after a fatal capsizing halted operations in 1928. It was narrow with low load capacity, so the new bridge was built in 1995, parallel to the original. The new bridge accommodates motor traffic while the historic bridge is reserved for pedestrian use. At 470 feet above the river, Navajo Bridge offers a wide view of Marble Canyon and the surrounding area. At bridge level, the Kaibab Formation can be seen, VIEWLINK with the Toroweap Formation and Coconino Sandstone beneath. The red cliffs to the west are Mesozoic strata.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.81760816382282</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.6311196618597</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_navajobridge</pano_filename> <pano_north>246</pano_north> <pano_start>123, -29</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[North Canyon]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Just below River Mile 20 and North Canyon Rapids, a short hike away from the Colorado River, is North Canyon. Here in the heart of the brilliant red Supai layer of the canyon, one can experience the solitude the canyon has to offer. Over the course of millions of years, flowing waters from heavy rains have carved out this small but wondrous side canyon. Water from recent rainfall can be seen pooled in the impermeable rock layer here. VIEWLINK Although tranquil and quiet in this view, this section of North Canyon can be extremely treacherous during heavy rains, as flood waters are funneled quickly down from the high walls of the canyon. North Canyon can also be accessed by a more difficult backpacking trip involving back-roads travel from the North Rim.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.626508668098175</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.77348368726169</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_northcanyon</pano_filename> <pano_north>243</pano_north> <pano_start>263, -29</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Downcanyon on the North Kaibab Trail, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet, the trail passes below an alcove in an upper member of the Redwall Limestone several miles above Roaring Springs. Though the rock looks pink and red, it is actually grey, stained by iron oxides and other minerals from the Supai Group above it. The grey rock underfoot is the unstained color of this Redwall Limestone, which develops karst features, including caves, sinkholes, springs, and seeps. The seeps allow dissolved calcium carbonate to precipitate, forming thin layers of travertine. This alcove is generally shady, supporting small and rare hanging gardens of mosses and ferns. Also within view are juniper trees, sometimes found at this elevation. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.208762908370105</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.04770035532181</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_nkaibabtrail</pano_filename> <pano_north>326</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[North Rim Forest Meadow]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[On the North Rim, the Kaibab Plateau and forest present a dramatically different ecology from that of the South Rim. A boreal forest community, found only on the North Rim, exhibits aspen groves, VIEWLINK Douglas fir, spruce, and grassland meadows. At an elevation of more than 8,500 feet, this meadow is a prime example of this type of community. Supported on both rims is the ponderosa pine community distinguished by its long-needled pines. At the South Rim and below the North Rim are piñon-juniper woodlands characterized by small piñon trees and juniper shrubs. Below that is a more arid desert landscape featuring blackbrush, sage and desert wildflowers. At the river level are riparian communities that thrive along the rivers, seeps, and tributaries of the canyon.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.25334989988975</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.99882991520363</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_fall_meadow</pano_filename> <pano_north>322</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Below the Tipoff, the South Kaibab Trail travels through the tilted Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon Supergroup before it drops into the foreboding depths of the Granite Gorge. Here at the informally-named Panorama Point, the dark orange-red Hakatai Shale lies below the Shinumo Quartzite and above the Bass Limestone. The expansive views include Zoroaster Temple in the distance to the Northeast. VIEWLINK The Bright Angel Delta can be seen in the shadows downstream. VIEWLINK From this point, a distance of 2.8 miles and an elevation drop of about 1,600 feet brings robust hikers to the Kaibab Suspension Bridge and the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.09525102410387</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09077669913461</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_southkaibab_hatakai</pano_filename> <pano_north>15</pano_north> <pano_start>293, -32</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Fremont Cottonwoods line Bright Angel Creek, providing much-appreciated shade here at Phantom Ranch. Many of the trees were planted in the 1920s when Phantom Ranch was first opened; then, it consisted of only four cabins, a caretaker's residence and a "lodge" that was both kitchen and dining hall. In 1927, eight more cabins and a recreation hall were built, and the dining hall was enlarged. In 1933 the Civilian Conservation Corps built a swimming pool for guests, but it was drained and covered in 1972. As with many buildings constructed in the 1920s, Phantom Ranch was conceived and designed by the Fred Harvey Company architect, Mary Jane Colter. She made numerous mule trips to Phantom Ranch to oversee construction and ensure that the ranch blended into its surroundings.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.10394066368892</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.0955234784573</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_phantom_pano2</pano_filename> <pano_start>126, -34</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Phantom Ranch is an oasis in the depths of the Grand Canyon, and the Canteen is the nucleus of that oasis. Architect Mary Jane Colter designed Phantom Ranch to offer adventurous tourists a welcoming retreat in the Canyon's shadows. Her design came from sketches for lodgings she had originally conceived for Indian Gardens. That project never materialized, but her design worked perfectly for the new camp on the banks of Bright Angel Creek. Today, travelers now have an option of dormitory-style lodging or private cabins. All rooms are very rustic, but have electricity and are heated in the winter and cooled in the summer. Hot showers are also available. All cabins are within earshot of the waters of Bright Angel Creek and have stunning views of towering canyon walls.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.10356445618031</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09592861755523</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_phantom_canteen_dk</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Canteen, or dining hall, is a welcome sight to all who reach the shady cottonwoods at Phantom Ranch. Meals are available by reservations, which must be made prior to one's arrival. Breakfast and dinner are served family-style at specific times only; visitors must be on time in order to be served! Box lunches are also available. To make reservations for meals, contact Xanterra Parks & Resorts. When meals aren't served, the Canteen functions as a local gathering place, where hikers, mule riders, rafters, rangers and "Ranchers" - those who work at Phantom Ranch - can enjoy a drink and share tales of the trails. The Canteen also sells snacks, drinks, first aid supplies and souvenirs exclusive to the Ranch.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.103241991167614</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09565395936131</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_phantom_canteen_int</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[After a long day of hiking, sitting on the front porch of a cabin at Phantom Ranch is a terrific way to relax. With no TV or radio reception, one can listen to the Canyon and its inhabitants. Fremont cottonwoods, Western sycamore, catclaw acacia and willows flourish along Bright Angel Creek, and provide food and shelter for mule deer, ringtail cats, ground squirrels and wild turkeys. Reptiles, from whiptail lizards to the Grand Canyon pink rattlesnake, use the vegetation as protection from the summer's searing heat. Birdwatchers may see bald eagles in the winter months or ospreys fishing in the river in the spring. In the background, the sound of Bright Angel Creek is a constant reminder of the life-giving water found in the Canyon's depths.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.10271494872752</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09590715988382</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_phantom_cabin_creek</pano_filename> <pano_start>152, -30</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Phantom Ranch Historic Cabin Up Close]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Mary Jane Colter designed the original Phantom Ranch cabins to blend in carefully with the surrounding landscape. Rocks were gathered from the bed of Bright Angel creek. Timbers, windows and doors were hauled down from the South Rim by mules. The cabins were painted with colors that matched the Canyon's colors, and furnishings were kept simple and rustic. When it first opened on November 9, 1922, Phantom Ranch catered mostly to wealthy individuals who sought to "rough it" in the great outdoors and had the time and money to take a mule ride into the Canyon's depths. Today, Phantom Ranch is still the only lodge in the inner Grand Canyon, and is operated by park concessionaires. Visitors still appreciate the comfortable, rustic accommodations, and tasty food.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.10224684885884</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09564966782702</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_phantom_cabin_original</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Phantom Ranch Modern Cabin]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The original site was homesteaded 1903 by David Rust and E.D. Woolley. They were not ranchers, and did not keep any livestock; they planted some fruit and cottonwood trees. They also cleared some trails in the area. The camp was called Rusts Camp at that time, and consisted of some small cabins. In 1922, the Fred Harvey Company hired Mary Jane Colter to design a place for visitors to stay overnight in the canyon. The stone buildings are constructed from materials in the canyon; all other materials were hauled in by burro or mule. Mary Colter renamed the hotel and cabins after Phantom Creek, located nearby. (The origination of the name Phantom Creek remains a mystery.) Some fruits and vegetables were grown, while chickens were the only livestock maintained there.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.10165738579762</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09556383714144</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_phantom_cabin_newer</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pictographs]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Glimpses into the human history of the Grand Canyon can be found along the Bright Angel Trail in the images painted on the rocks. These pictographs VIEWLINK indicate the presence of people who occupied the Grand Canyon hundreds, perhaps thousands of years ago. The images were probably created by the Havasupai people, who have lived in the Grand Canyon area since the 1300s at least. They were hunters, gatherers and farmers. Portions of the present-day Bright Angel Trail follow a route taken by the Havasupai down to the waters of Garden Creek. Garden plots were planted along the creek, and the people raised corn, squash, gourds and beans. They farmed at Indian Gardens even after the Park was established in 1919. Federal laws protect all archaeological sites on public lands.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05757382956555</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.145923165727</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_barockart_2mile</pano_filename> <pano_north>11</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pima Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This point provides one of the better views of the Colorado River, VIEWLINK the Tonto Platform, VIEWLINK the Abyss, VIEWLINK the Temple of Ra, VIEWLINK and clear across to the North Rim. For ten years (1926 to 1936), this was the site of a single-span tramway, built to carry supplies and bold travelers down to Hermit Camp 3,000 feet below. Over the years, there have been four trams built from rim to Inner Gorge, none of which are in operation today. Typically, they were not made for the tourist trade, but rather to ease mining efforts or to help transport and build water conduits. About six tram systems were built across the Colorado River, two of which remain in use. The tramway from Pima Point was eliminated after the closure and destruction of Hermit Camp in 1936.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.07099921300429</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.1986096016029</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_pima_pt</pano_filename> <pano_north>289</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pipe Creek Beach]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The drama of the canyon is compounded upon meeting the Colorado River in the gorge it has incised. At an elevation now of 2,400 feet, this is the heart of the canyon, its deepest point on this trail. Rock features in this area are smoothed through the action of the Colorado River, slowly etching further into the rock. Spring-fed Pipe Creek meets the Colorado here, flowing from the south. Pipe Creek enters the Colorado at a high speed, increased by the non-porous crystalline metamorphic rock narrows it navigates.Visible above and at beach level are dark metamorphic schists, some of the oldest rock in the canyon, and pink granites. Zoroaster Temple is just visible upriver, while water-loving plants such as willows, grasses and horsetails thrive.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.099160787331535</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.11096085773481</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_pikesbeach2</pano_filename> <pano_north>17</pano_north> <pano_start>149, -32</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Standing on the ledge-forming Tapeats Sandstone at the tip of Plateau Point, the Colorado River can be seen in the gorge, more than one thousand feet below. The whitewater downstream is the Horn Creek Rapid. VIEWLINK The texture of the stone underfoot is caused by trace fossils, worm burrows, and raindrop impressions hundreds of millions of years old! VIEWLINK North across the canyon is a visible wedge, the sloping strata of the lower Grand Canyon Supergroup; notice the conspicuous orange shale. VIEWLINK Zoroaster and Deva Temples can be seen to the east, while Buddha and Isis Temples can be seen to the north. VIEWLINK Looking west toward the setting sun is the South Rim and the Tonto Platform.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.093803235374935</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.11549801386992</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_plateaupoint</pano_filename> <pano_north>11</pano_north> <pano_start>253, -12</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At an elevation of 8,803 feet, Point Imperial is the highest location on either side of Grand Canyon; a good justification for the name, and an improvement on the original appellation of Skidoo Point. The vista is known for its distinctive pointed rock formation known as Mount Hayden. VIEWLINK Hidden in the depths, the Colorado River flows 6,600 feet below as it cuts through Marble Canyon. The narrows of Marble Canyon are to the northeast, and the Painted Desert is to the east. In addition, red and black Precambrian formations are visible here. It is the northernmost and highest area of the Walhalla Plateau, which terminates further south at an elevation of 7,865 feet near Cape Royal and the Walhalla Overlook.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.27891425856201</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.97780565546404</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_pointimperial</pano_filename> <pano_north>296</pano_north> <pano_start>21, -31</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Powell Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This viewpoint is named in honor of Major John Wesley Powell and exhibits the Powell Memorial, VIEWLINK the largest physical monument in the park. The memorial pays tribute to the courage, dedication, and pioneering spirit of one the earliest explorers of the canyon. Powell is primarily known as the first person to successfully lead a party through Grand Canyon on the Colorado River. More than a bold adventurer, Powell was a researcher who kept meticulous notes of his journeys and experiences. The Powell surveys and reports serve as landmark documents that chronicle his expeditions and capture a record of the canyon from the 1800s. Powell later served as the director of the Bureau of Ethnology and as second director of the U.S. Geological Survey.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.07096452504334</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.15070776990248</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_powell_pt</pano_filename> <pano_north>308</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Upon his arrival to this exact location, Major John Wesley Powell named this large chamber Redwall Cavern. VIEWLINK At River Mile 33, this semi-circular chamber was carved out of the sedimentary Redwall Limestone over thousands of years by the Colorado River. Upstream from this point is Vaseys Paradise, VIEWLINK named by Powell after a botanist friend of his. Vaseys Paradise is aptly named for its incredible mosses, ferns, and flowering plants sustained by a series of springs that cascade down the cliff. This microclimate and resulting botanical display stands out against the relatively barren rock walls. Similarly, the vastness of Redwall Cavern captured the attention and imagination of Powell back in 1869; both destinations continue to awe thousands of visitors per year.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.49281567187338</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.8394482899896</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_redwall1</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The vast chamber of Redwall Cavern shows the intricate layering of the Redwall Limestone. VIEWLINK The Colorado River carved out this immense space over thousands of years and deposited the very soft sand underfoot. The cavern is an unusual place that was once a shelter for early explorers on the Colorado River. One of the first was Major John Wesley Powell who named the cavern and reported that it was large enough to seat 50,000 people! Though that is clearly not the case, the cavern is still a highlight of any Colorado River trip, and is regularly occupied by present-day explorers. Overnight camping is not allowed in the cavern, and visits are restricted to daylight hours only.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.49268284294909</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.83863826289434</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_redwall2</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Located a few miles south of Cottonwood Campground, across Bright Angel Creek in a small side canyon, the Ribbon Falls microclimate reveals itself. Plants such as monkeyflowers, yellow columbine and maidenhair ferns flourish in the moist environment provided by the falls. The waterflow is relatively constant throughout the year, coming from a spring several miles away. Shinumo Quartzite is underfoot, polished by flooding and stained by the red pigments carried by water from the falls; it is a portion of the 1.25 billion-year-old Grand Canyon Supergroup. Looking up, lacy carbonate deposits can be seen on the Redwall Limestone. VIEWLINK]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.15802556766883</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.05481644963122</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_ribbonfalls2</pano_filename> <pano_north>355</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At an elevation of 3,790 feet, Ribbon Falls is located in a side canyon across Bright Angel Creek, near the Cottonwood Campground. Falling from a height of almost one hundred feet, the water is rich in dissolved calcium carbonate, which leaches out of the limestone the water flows through. This solution precipitates on the mossy plant material below, forming a deposit of travertine. VIEWLINK Hikers can climb a short trail to stand behind the falls on top of the travertine-covered rock. Out of view but within hiking distance are the Upper Ribbon Falls that contribute to this waterflow. Named in the early 1900s by Francois Matthes for its beauty, Ribbon Falls remains an enchanting location, so distinct from the desert expanse surrounding it.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.15939507853267</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.0556585034424</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_ribbonfalls1</pano_filename> <pano_north>17</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Rider Canyon]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[At River Mile 17 in Marble Canyon, below Lees Ferry, the narrow Rider Canyon provides great hiking opportunities. The boulder fan that spreads out from Rider Canyon into the Colorado River forms House Rock Rapid, rated a 7 on the Grand Canyon's river rapids scale of 1 to 10. Rider Canyon is composed primarily of red Supai Sandstone, located in Marble Canyon. In his journal, Major John Wesley Powell noted on August 9, 1869, "The walls of the canyon, 2,500 feet high, are of marble, of many beautiful colors, often polished below by the wave, and sometimes far up the sides...At one place I have a walk for more than a mile on a marble pavement." Powell's description was poetic, but his geology was inaccurate: Marble Canyon is actually composed of limestone.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.6741418115873</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.75522918965748</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_ridercanyon</pano_filename> <pano_north>353</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[River Camp]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The sun sets on a river party camped at River Mile 91, downriver from Phantom Ranch. After spending time at Phantom Ranch's Canteen, they have left the last outpost of the "civilized" world, and are now entering the towering walls of the Inner Granite Gorge. Just upstream is Horn Creek Rapid, a challenging run with a rating of 7-9, depending on the water level. In the morning, this rafting party will encounter a series of demanding rapids with legendary names: Granite, Grapevine, Hermit and Boucher Rapids, culminating with Crystal Rapids, one of the more dangerous and respected rapids on the Colorado River. The next sign of civilization along the river's banks will be at Diamond Creek, 134 miles downstream on the Hualapai Reservation, at River Mile 225.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.106631275009875</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.14684098338006</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_riveredgecamp</pano_filename> <pano_start>260, -13</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[After he saw Grand Canyon for the first time in 1903, Theodore Roosevelt dedicated himself to the purpose of preserving it. He stated, "The Grand Canyon is beyond comparison; keep it for your children, your children's children, and all who come after you, as the one great sight which every American should see." It was not yet deemed a National Park, though bills were introduced in the 1800s; Roosevelt created the Grand Canyon Game Preserve in 1906 by proclamation. In 1919 the Grand Canyon National Park Act was finally passed. Ironically, not one Grand Canyon location was named for Roosevelt until Jim Babbitt contacted the U.S. Board of Geographic Names. This point, located near Cape Royal on the Walhalla Plateau, was finally named for him in 1996.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.21803376463648</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.95262470049143</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_roosevelt_pt</pano_filename> <pano_north>27</pano_north> <pano_start>119, -46</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[While many people are familiar with the spectacular waterfalls at Havasu Canyon, the Grand Canyon contains many other lush oases and waterfalls within its arid depths. Shinumo Falls is a short hike up Shinumo Creek, located on River Mile 109. It is only fifteen feet tall and has little nearby vegetation, but provides a very refreshing break after a hot hike. Just upstream is the North Bass Trail, a long, little-maintained trail on the North Rim. The South Bass Trail, across the river and upstream at Bass Camp, is more commonly utilized; the trailhead starts at Pasture Wash near Havasupai Point. A small section of the Havasupai Reservation must be crossed to get there. Experienced backpackers can access the South Bass Trail by the Canyon's lengthy Tonto Trail.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.24695828484846</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.34724667545193</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_shinumocreekfalls</pano_filename> <pano_north>308</pano_north> <pano_start>78, -45</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Side Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This vista was reached via an un-maintained trail, which was abandoned in the 1930s. It climbs away from the Bright Angel Trail at a small grotto and meanders up and over the Tapeats Sandstone of the Tonto Platform, meeting shortly with the Tonto Trail. Here at 3,500 feet, scattered blocks of water-smoothed Redwall Limestone VIEWLINK are resting atop ancient Vishnu Schist, Zoroaster Granite, and Tapeats Sandstone. Nestled among the Tapeats is an ancient granary. VIEWLINK The granary is one of many that were built by Ancestral Puebloans to store corn, squash, beans and water. Once a home to this ancient culture, the Blackbrush desert habitat seen here hosts a stand of hardy deciduous species clustered around a small water seep.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.089314053821425</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.11415375923879</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_offtrail1</pano_filename> <pano_north>204</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[From the South Kaibab Trailhead, Skeleton Point can be reached after a steep, hot, three-mile hike, with an elevation drop of 2,040 feet. Folklore says Skeleton Point was named for the bleached bones of pack mules who met their demise at this location; no riders, however, have met the same fate. The vista here provides hikers views of the Colorado River, VIEWLINK Bright Angel Creek, VIEWLINK and the Tonto Platform. VIEWLINK In order to reach the shade trees and other amenities at Phantom Ranch, hikers must continue on another 3.9 miles, down the treacherous Redwall Limestone cliffs and across the arid Tonto Platform, before reaching the Granite Gorge.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.08182110983765</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.0898465090795</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_southkaibab_skeletonpt</pano_filename> <pano_north>22</pano_north> <pano_start>196, -23</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Splash Pool]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The North Kaibab Trail, parallel to the splashing Bright Angel Creek, levels considerably after the steep descent to Cottonwood Campground. This spot is just south of the campground, and the trail maintains this easy grade until Phantom Ranch. The cliffs just above the creek are 525 million year-old Tapeats Sandstone, VIEWLINK which is from the Cambrian period of time. Also note the lichens growing on the rocks above the trail VIEWLINK and the tall mesquite bushes.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.13053587428644</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.07587162989903</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_splashpool</pano_filename> <pano_north>21</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Stone Creek Waterfall]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Stone Creek enters the Colorado River at River Mile 132. A very short hike up a shallow canyon leads to one of the many waterfalls Grand Canyon has to offer. VIEWLINK The creek that feeds these falls was named after Julius Stone, who followed in the footsteps of Major John Wesley Powell in his passage through Grand Canyon in 1909. Near the point where the creek enters the Colorado River is Duebendorff Rapid. The rapid was named after Seymour Sylvestor 'Dubie' Dubendorff, who was the first recorded person to flip his boat in these rapids. Like many first-time explorers of the canyon, Dubendorff was an inexperienced boatman who survived the rapid, but not without dramatic incident and a cut on his head.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.34777603392531</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.45168078455688</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_stonecreekfalls</pano_filename> <pano_north>359</pano_north> <pano_start>97, -22</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[The Abyss]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Named descriptively, this South Rim point is accessible (by seasonal shuttle bus) via the eight-mile-long Hermit Road, or by the Rim Trail footpath which parallels the road. Catch the shuttle at the Village Route Transfer Stop in Grand Canyon Village. Nearby are juniper and piñon trees, which grace the entire South Rim trail. Visible on both sides of the Colorado River is the Tonto Platform, VIEWLINK and the Great Mohave Wall, VIEWLINK which is the southern wall of Grand Canyon. This cove-shaped portion of the Canyon was incised by the runoff from tributary Monument Creek, VIEWLINK and is a sheer cliff that descends almost 3,000 feet.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.056729029221245</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.17518782279846</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_abyss</pano_filename> <pano_north>336</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[The Box]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[About four miles south of the spacious open desert near Ribbon Falls, the canyon of Bright Angel Creek narrows dramatically along a three-mile stretch called The Box. The gorge walls tower more than a thousand feet above the trail next to the Bright Angel Creek, with four narrow bridges crossing at intervals. VIEWLINK The gorge walls consist of metamorphic schists, which are almost two billion years old. The cliffs are decorated with pink granitic intrusions. VIEWLINK This portion of the canyon boasts both riparian and desert plants living very close together, such as tall mesquite, VIEWLINK prickly pear cacti, VIEWLINK Mormon tea, and the roughly-textured poreleaf.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.11854375066895</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.08591546367946</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_thebox</pano_filename> <pano_north>287</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[The Tipoff]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Tipoff is located almost five miles from the South Kaibab Trailhead, 3,330 feet below the South Rim. It offers hikers a view of the Colorado River VIEWLINK and the trees of Phantom Ranch. VIEWLINK No water is available here, but there are pit toilets, and an emergency phone is located to the right side of the trail as it exits the Tonto Plateau. The Tonto Plateau is a Blackbrush desert environment, with almost no snowfall, little rain, and occasional strong winds. The climate, along with the relatively flat terrain allows some plants, such as blackbrush, brittlebush and four-winged saltbush to flourish. Animals also use the Tonto Platform in their search for water and forage; mule deer, bighorn sheep, coyote, ringtail cats and rock squirrels often leave tracks in the sand.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.091843909953774</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.09031857785025</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_southkaibab_tipoff</pano_filename> <pano_north>351</pano_north> <pano_start>202, -29</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Tonto Junction at the Tipoff is a popular resting place for hikers on the South Kaibab Trail, as well as those traversing portions of the 85-mile long Tonto Trail. The pit toilet nearby VIEWLINK can also be seen from the Yavapai Observation Station on the South Rim! It provides hikers with the only shade available in the hot summer months. The Tonto Trail, while relatively flat, is hot, dry and waterless. It is used primarily as a connector trail, linking routes between the South Rim Trails, from the Little Colorado to the east, all the way to the South Bass Trail to the west. Since it traverses the Tonto Platform, and does not drop down to the Colorado River except on connector trails, the Tonto Trail has very few reliable opportunities for finding water.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.090859894027105</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.08945780564486</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_southkaibab_tipoff_tj</pano_filename> <pano_north>12</pano_north> <pano_start>224, -26</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Jack Pennington]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Tonto Trail]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[From the Tonto Platform just west of Garden Creek one can look down into the lush riparian habitat located there. The trail VIEWLINK visible near the cottonwood trees leads to nearby Indian Garden Campground, located approximately five miles and 3,200 feet below Grand Canyon Village, on the South Rim. Beyond the campground, the Bright Angel Trail climbs up to the South Rim, visible above the cottonwood trees. Another trail that can be seen striking a clear line north across the Tonto Platform on the west side of Garden Creek is the Plateau Point Trail. VIEWLINK Towering above the Plateau Point Trail are formations made of Muav Limestone, Temple Butte and pink Redwall Limestones.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.08362461451942</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.12177552411924</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_indiangardenbelow</pano_filename> <pano_north>117</pano_north> <pano_start>306, -44</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Toroweap means 'barren valley,' or 'dry valley' in the Paiute language. The Toroweap Formation VIEWLINK is Permian in geological age (about 273 million years old.) Darker than the Kaibab Limestone that lies above it, both are sedimentary in composition. Located in the Arizona Strip, this overlook offers a view plummeting 3,000 feet to the Colorado River, though the canyon is less than a mile across. Tuweep, another word applied to this area, is abbreviated from a longer Paiute word meaning 'long valley.' Volcanic activity over one million years ago formed Vulcans Throne and the basalt flows in this area. Difficult to reach, all the roads approaching Tuweep are minor county roads, requiring that visitors come prepared. The primitive Toroweap campground is located just a few yards from this point.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.21508556102327</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-113.05617310898687</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_toroweap1</pano_filename> <pano_north>349</pano_north> <pano_start>12, -42</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Trail View]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A short distance south of Ribbon Falls, the canyon widens into an open desert area, recalling the expansive spaces found outside the canyon itself. Surrounding the flat desert habitat is sloping orange and red Hakatai Shale, VIEWLINK which is part of the Grand Canyon Supergroup. Looking closely, grey-green intrusions of dolerite can also be seen. Just above these gentle slopes are the first flat-lying cliffs of ledge-forming Tapeats Sandstone. Vegetation includes prickly pear cacti, banana yucca and mormon tea. Also note the distant view of the North Rim, approximately nine miles away from this location.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.14848856978341</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.06204695441828</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_alongtrail2</pano_filename> <pano_north>297</pano_north> <pano_start>104, -52</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Among the small complex of rooms and structures at the Tusayan Ruins site is a large circular depression. VIEWLINK The partially excavated concavity marks the site of a kiva used by Ancestral Puebloans for ceremonial purposes. This chamber is one of two known kivas at this site and one of hundreds found throughout the Southwest. The trail nearby extends to a nearby farming complex. The people that lived at this site cultivated corn, beans, and squash, which would typically be stored in many rooms similar to the ones shown here. The severe droughts common to the Southwest suggest that the success of crops was contingent on the efficiency of stone water catchments, which were used to contain the runoff from shallow drainages.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.01339787350954</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.86518815929705</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_tusayan1</pano_filename> <pano_north>259</pano_north> <pano_start>63, -37</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Tusayan Ruins Living Quarters]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Ancestral Puebloans of the Southwest were some of the earliest inhabitants of Grand Canyon. Later named Tusayan Ruins, this site is one of thousands of sites in the canyon that provided shelter, food storage, and ceremonial significance for these early occupants. Roughly thirty people lived at this location long ago (C.E. 1185) for about twenty years. The living quarters shown here VIEWLINK were excavated in the early 1930s and are typical of the Pueblo Type II architecture style. Most dwellings of this period did not have conventional doorways, instead utilizing openings in the roof accessible by wooden ladders. The same openings were also commonly used to allow smoke to escape from small cooking and heating fires in the rooms.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.01332671113342</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.86573071880106</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_tusayan5</pano_filename> <pano_north>255</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Unkar Delta]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[In the 1960s, Douglas Schwartz and a team of archaeologists from the School of American Research undertook the first excavations of ancient dwellings inside the Grand Canyon. The Unkar Delta area has since yielded more than fifty recorded sites, the largest collection accessible to canyon visitors. Rock outlines of pithouse dwellings, some with many distinct rooms, are scattered throughout the area, as are pottery shards, metates and other artifacts from everyday life in an Ancestral Puebloan farming community. These ruins date from approximately C.E. 900 to 1150. The Unkar Delta is at the confluence of the intermittently flowing Unkar Creek and the Colorado River.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.07984414371602</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.8763983773091</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_unkar3</pano_filename> <pano_north>8</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Unkar Ruins]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[For generations, the Ancestral Puebloans farmed corn, beans, squash, melons, cotton and other crops in the alluvial soil of the Unkar Delta. Stone catchments VIEWLINK were built in natural drainages such as this to retain rainfall and snowmelt, and to curtail soil erosion. Seasonal crops were planted in between the catchments. These are among the fifty-plus archaeological sites in the Unkar Delta at the confluence of the sporadic Unkar Creek and the Colorado River. The ruins, indicating four periods of occupation, date from approximately C.E. 900 to 1150. Perhaps the prominent ruddy formation just across the river VIEWLINK gave the area its name: Unkar is the Paiute word for 'red creek' or 'red stone.']]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.07961696284588</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.87287046220361</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_unkar2</pano_filename> <pano_north>25</pano_north> <pano_start>268, -13</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[A paved road provides easy access to the Walhalla Overlook from the North Rim near Grand Canyon Lodge, affording a spectacular view which includes the Colorado River, VIEWLINK the Unkar Delta, and the Frey Castle to the south. Just a hundred yards away are the Walhalla Glades Ruins, a pueblo site where Ancestral Puebloans lived until about C.E. 1150. Another site nearby is located at Sky Island, on which are the ruins of fifteen rock-and-mortar rooms. The Walhalla Plateau supported farming due to the elevation (lower than the rest of the North Rim) and because warm air updrafts from the inner canyon helped melt winter snows sooner than elsewhere. Occupants of this point probably spent winters inside the Canyon for the warmer weather.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.13237292173806</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.94146442863362</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_walhalla_ovlk</pano_filename> <pano_north>198</pano_north> <pano_start>38, -50</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[The Walhalla Plateau contains dozens of documented sites, including this excavated ruin, that were built by Ancestral Puebloans. Probably a farming outpost for inhabitants of the inner canyon, most were one-room houses with agricultural terraces where corn, beans and squash were grown. The main site has connected living, cooking and storage areas, once bearing limestone walls, timber-supported roofs and rooftop entrances. Some were connected by beam-topped entryways, and others contained stone-lined firepits. Much smaller rooms, built later and not part of the main structure, were presumably for storage. Charred beams and walls are evidence of a fire that swept through the main structure toward the end of the occupation of the site.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.133967305424214</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.94107453817885</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_walhalla1</pano_filename> <pano_north>4</pano_north> <pano_start>296, -45</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[This trail ascends 1,000 feet from the Colorado River to this magnificent viewpoint. The switch-backed trail cuts through massive exposed lava flows displaying unique columnar basalt formations common in this area of the canyon. The Whitmore Rapid VIEWLINK, a dirt road extending up the Whitmore Wash, VIEWLINK a helicopter pad on a small river delta, VIEWLINK and the Inner Gorge VIEWLINK of the canyon can all be seen. The dirt road continues north from this location another eighty miles, passing the Bar 10 Ranch, a popular destination for tourists, hikers, and rafters entering or exiting the canyon. The helicopter pad seen below is the only one used regularly in the canyon: this may change under the new Colorado River Management Plan.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.149098473377386</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-113.20550594689416</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_whitmore1</pano_filename> <pano_north>346</pano_north> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>pano</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Yaki Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Yaki Point affords a view of the Tonto Platform below, VIEWLINK along with the trail from Phantom Ranch leading to Clear Creek Canyon. VIEWLINK The Clear Creek Trail was built by the Civilian Conservation Corps, using innovations of jackhammers and compact, moveable compressors. Because it was forcibly constructed rather than established along existing footpaths, it travels along a ridgeline, allowing spectacular views for much of its seven-mile distance. The South Kaibab trailhead is near this viewpoint; it was initially built in 1924 by the National Park Service as an alternative to the Bright Angel route into the Canyon, which was tightly controlled by Ralph Cameron.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.05840127408853</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.08335688746567</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_yakipoint3</pano_filename> <pano_north>19</pano_north> <pano_start>80, -67</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano_description><![CDATA[Near this viewpoint is the first interpretive center on the South Rim, Yavapai Observation Station. Established in 1928, the station provides signs with explanations of the vista, viewfinders, binoculars, and a powerful telescope for visitors to use. This point offers unobstructed views into the canyon that provide opportunities for discussion of geologic topics. From here the geology and terrain of numerous mesas, monuments, and side canyons are clearly visible and exposed, as is the canyons' Inner Gorge. Extending north from the Colorado River is Bright Angel Canyon. VIEWLINK The popular North Kaibab Trail ascends this canyon from Phantom Ranch VIEWLINK to the North Rim. From this point to the North Rim, the canyon spans a distance of more than ten miles as the raven flies.]]></pano_description> <pano_latitude>36.06558770614792</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.11737852766755</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>pano_yavapaipoint2</pano_filename> <pano_north>14</pano_north> <pano_start>267, -46</pano_start> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Four Chambers Studios]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>438</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>504</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>798</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>818</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>1182</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>2361</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>2435</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>5235</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>5433</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>5439</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>5556</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>5829</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>7796</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>8140</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>8990</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>9089</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>9507</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>9508</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>9605</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>09654b</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>11822</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>12001</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>13103</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>13655</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>13725</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>15523</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>16412</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>17010B</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>17254</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>17687</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>18193</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>18207a</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>350_fledged</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>5430</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>9453</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>9457</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>11365</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>11422</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>15523</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>condor23</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0279</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0282</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0296</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0310</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0422</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0484</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0514</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0515</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0727</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0988</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D0989</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D1457</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D1458</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D1577</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D1879</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D2147</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D2543</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D2604</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D3118</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D3143</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D3203</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D3206</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D3223</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D3446</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D03551</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D4325</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D4342b</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D5697</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D7270</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D7425</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D7498</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D8788</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D8882</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D09246vk</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D9431</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D10026</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D10028</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_0452</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_0511</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_0731</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_0764</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_1247</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_1258</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_1730</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_1755</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_3516</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_3767</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_3801</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_3847</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>D_3939</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Dacc01</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>hist_boat</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Phantom02</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>riv0008</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T003</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T06</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T008</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T016</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T16</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T22</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T23</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T053</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T408</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T412</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T422</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T431</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T441</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T444</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T451</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T460</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T464</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T500</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T501</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T502</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T505</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>T506</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Tacc06</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>talk</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Tcvip01</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Tcvip02</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Tdvi02</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Tgreen01</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>TMP01</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Toroweap</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>TR01</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>trailwork</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>train</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Tus_r</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>tusayan</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>Twt01</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>photo</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[]]></pano_title>
<pano_filename>yavover</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[National Park Service]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>stereograph</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Below Point Moran]]></pano_title>
<pano_latitude>35.981436848171526</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.88980746619855</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_06</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>About 2000 feet below the South Rim</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano_latitude>35.936973247786575</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.95194888256617</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_08</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>Mules loaded and descending further into the canyon</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>stereograph</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Hance's Cove]]></pano_title>
<pano_latitude>35.95114873816673</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.89152407991035</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_07</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>Fathoming the depth of a vanished sea</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano_latitude>36.014490415312295</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.07726168352856</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_16</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>A location near the Bright Angel Hotel on the South Rim</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>stereograph</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Pipe Creek]]></pano_title>
<pano_latitude>36.064738602580896</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.0779483290133</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_11</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>Confluence of Pipe Creek and the Colorado</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano_latitude>35.96865612698744</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-111.84071231404066</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_05</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>View from the South Rim west of Point Moran</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano_latitude>36.055579721018866</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.11331057147665</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_12</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>Viewing the Colorado flowing down the granite gorge</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>stereograph</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Red Mountain]]></pano_title>
<pano_latitude>35.837297904928555</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.06874727951796</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_03</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>Red Mountain, an extinct volcano; also known as Red Butte</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano>
<pano_data_type>stereograph</pano_data_type>
<pano_title><![CDATA[Rowe's Point]]></pano_title>
<pano_latitude>36.04364382132049</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.22626375371397</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_17</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>This location was later named Hopi Point</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
<pano_latitude>35.816420721444075</pano_latitude> <pano_longitude>-112.06600069757904</pano_longitude> <pano_filename>grca_02</pano_filename> <pano_credit>—<![CDATA[Underwood & Underwood]]></pano_credit> <pano_programs>grca</pano_programs> <pano_category>grca</pano_category> <pano_photo_caption>Mountains in view between Flagstaff and the Grand Canyon include the San Francisco Group</pano_photo_caption> </pano>
